Cyanoprokatyote and algal biodiversity in the tropical Lake Edward (Africa) with notes on new, rare and potentially harmful species

Абстракт

The paper presents data on the biodiversity of prokaryotic and eukaryotic algae in the tropical Lake Edward, compiled from publications of the Damas mission (1935 -1936 ), Hecky & Kling (1987) and our own results from a recent investigation of the lake phytoplankton in a three-year period (2016-2018) in the frame of the HIPE (HumanJmjiacts on ecosystem health and resources of Lake Edward) project (http://www.co2.ulg.ac.be/hipe). The provided checklist is based on modem algal taxonomy with relevant synonymizing of lists of previous authors. In total, 577 taxa from seven divisions were registered in the lake waters and in the Kazinga Channel. The richest division was Ochrophyta (287 taxa, 274 of which from Bacillariophyceae), followed by Chlorophyta (131 taxa), Cyanoprokaryota (134), Streptophyta (14), Euglenophyta (8), Pyrrhophyta (5) and Cryptophyta (1). 52 species (or only 1% of the taxa found) persisted in the lake since 30s of the 20th century till nowadays. More than half of the cyanoprokaryotes (65) are potentially toxic and harmful species. The checklist contains also data on algal abundance and frequency of occurrence, originally provided by the authors. In the phytoplankton samples, collected during the three cruises of the HIPE project, 248 taxa were found, among which the richest division was Cyanoprokaryota (104). From this total of 248 taxa, only 3 were frequent and 199 were very rare (from 1-3 samples) with 121 taxa found in one sample only. During 2016-2018, the most abundant species in the lake phytoplankton belonged to Cyanoprokaryota, Bacillariophyceae and Chlorophyta. The algae found in the lake have different ecological requirements and besides clear tropical species and some cosmopolites, some “cold water species” from northern and temperate regions were found. For them, as well as for some thermophilic species, considered alien for the lake, transport through different vectors was supposed. In the literature analyzed, 36 new taxa were described. Among them 26 taxa had Lake Edward as a single locality, and 10 were found also in other lakes and adjacent water bodies. Twelve of these new taxa were checked by modern taxonomists, but 24 still need taxonomic reconsideration.

References:

Aguilera A., Berrendero Gômez E., Kastovsky J., Echenique R. O. & Salerno G. L. 2018. The polyphasic analysis of two native Raphidiopsis isolates supports the unification of the genera Raphidiopsis and Cylindrospermopsis (Nostocales, Cyanobacteria). - Phycologia 57 (2): 130-146.

Bernard C., Ballot A., Thomazeau S., Maloufi S., Furey A., Mankiewicz-Boczek I., Pawlik-Skowronska B., C apelli C. & Salmazo N. 2017. Appendix 2. Cyanobacteria associated with the production o f cyanotoxins. - In: Meriluoto J., Spoof L. & Codd J. (Eds), Handbook o f Cyanobacterial Monitoring and Cyanotoxin Analysis. Wiley, 501-525.

Cantoral Uriza E. A., Asencio A. D. & Aboal M. 2017. Are we underestimating benthic cyanotoxins? Extensive sampling results from Spain. - Toxins 9: 385-398.

Conrad W. & Duvigneaud P. 1949. Introduction. - In: Exploration du Parc National Albert, Mission H. Damas (1935-1936), Fascicule 19, Bruxelles: Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge, 1-16.

Conrad W. 1949a. VII. Conjugatae: Desmidiales. - In: Exploration du Parc National Albert, Mission H. Damas (1935-1936), Fascicule 19, Bruxelles: Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge, 75-78.

Conrad W. 1949в. V. Heterocontae. Xanthophyceae. - In: Exploration du Parc National Albert, Mission H. Damas (1935-1936), Fascicule 19, Bruxelles: Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge, 71-72.

Conrad W. 1949c. VIII. Chlorophyceae: II. Protococcales. III. Siphonocladiales. - In: Exploration du Parc National Albert, Mission H. Damas (1935-1936), Fascicule 19, Bruxelles: Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge, 84-94.

Cronberg G. & Komarek J. 2004. Some nostocalean cyanoprokaryotes from lentic habitats of Eastern and Southern Africa. - Nova Hedwigia 78 (1-2): 71-106.

Damas H. 1938. Quelques caractères écologiques de trois lacs équatoriaux: Kivu, Edouard, Ndalaga. - Annales de la Société Royale Zoologique de Belgique 68: 121-135. 

Descy J.-P, Darchambeau F. & Schmidt M. 2012. Lake Kivu: Past and Present. - In: Descy J.-P, D archambeau F. & Schmidt M. (Eds), Lake Kivu. Limnology and biogeochemistry of a tropical great lake. Springer, 1-12.

Frémy P. 1949. Schizophyta: Cyanophyceae. - In: Exploration du Parc National Albert, Mission H. Damas (1935-1936), Fascicule 19, Bruxelles: Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge, 17-51.

Hauer T. & Komarek J. 2018. CyanoDB 2.0. The on-line database of cyanobacterial genera. Word-wide electronic publication, Univ. of South Bohemia & Inst, of Botany AS CR, http://www.cyanodb.cz. (Last accessed on 10* October 2018).

Hecky R. & Kling H. 1987. Phytoplankton ecology of the great lakes in the rift valleys of Central Africa. - Archiv flir Hydrobiologie - Beiheft Eigebnisse der Limnologie 25: 197-228.

Hustedt F. 1949. VI. Bacillariophyta. Süsswasser diatomeen. - In: Exploration du Parc National Albert, Mission H. Damas (1935-1936), Fascicule 18, Bruxelles: Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge, 1-199.

John D. M. 1986. The inland waters of tropical Africa. An introduction and botanical review. - Archiv flir Hydrobiologie - Beiheft Ergebnisse der Limnologie 23: 1-244.

Kociolek J. P., Balasubramanian K , Blanco S., Coste M., Ector L., Liu Y., Kulikovskiy M., Lundholm N , Ludwig T., Potapova M., Rimet F., Sabbe K , Sala S., Sar E., Taylo r J., Van de Vijver B., Wetzel C. E., Willlams D. M., Witkowski A. & Witkowski J. 2018. DiatomBase, http://www.diatombase.org (Last accessed on 10* October).

Komârek J. & Anagnsotidis K. 1999. Cyanoprokaryota. 1 Teil/Part 1: Chroococcales. - In: Ettl H , Gartner G., Heynig H. & Mollenhauer D. (Hrsg/Eds), SiiBwaserflora von Mitteleuropa 19/Freshwater flora of Central Europe 19. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 549 pp.

Komarek J. & A nagnostidis K. 2005. Cyanoprokaryota. 2 Teil/Part 2: Oscillatoriales. - In: Büdel B., G artner G., Krienitz L. & Schagerl M. (Hrsg/Eds), SiiBwasserflora von Mtteleuropa 19/Freshwater flora of Central Europe 19. Springer Spectrum, Heidelberg, 759 pp.

Komarek J. 2013. Cyanoprokaryota. 3 Teil/Part 3: Heterocytous genera. - In: Büdel B., G artner G., Krienitz L. & Schagerl M. (Hrsg/Eds), SiiBwasserflora von Mitteleuropa 19/Freshwater flora of Central Europe, 19. Springer Spectrum, Heidelbeig, 1130 pp.

Komârek J. & Fott B. 1983. Chlorophyceae (Grünalgen) Ordnung: Chlorococcales. Das Phytoplankton des Süsswassers. - In: Huber-Pestalozzi G. (Ed.), Das Phytoplankton des Süsswassers (Die Binnengewàsser) 16. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlangbuchhandlung (Nâgele u. Obermiller), Stuttgart, 1044 pp.

Krammer K. & Lange-Bertalot H. 1997a. Bacillariophyceae 1 Teil. Naviculaceae. - In: Ettl H , Gerloef J., Heynig H. & Mollenhauer D. (Hrsg/Eds), SiiBwaserflora von Mitteleuropa 2. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 876 pp.

Krammer K. & Lange-Bertalot H. 1997b. Bacillariophyceae 2 Teil. Bacillariaceae, Epithemiaceae, Surirellaceae. - In: Ettl H , Gerloef J., Heynig H. & Mollenhauer D. (Hrsg/Eds), SiiBwaserflora von Mitteleuropa 2. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 611 pp.

Krammer K. & Lange-Bertalot H. 1991. Bacillariophyceae 3. Teil: Centrales, Fragilariaceae, Eunotiaceae. - In: Ettl H., Gerloff J., Heymig H. & Mollenhauer D. (Hrsg/Eds), Süßwasserflora von Mitteleuropa. Spektrum, Heidelberg, 576 pp.

Krammer K. & Lange-Bertalot H. 2004. Bacillariophyceae 4. Teil: Achnanthaceae, Kritische Erganzungen zu Navicula (Lineolatae), Gomphonema Gesamtliteraturverzeichnis [second revised edition] -In: Ettl H., Gerloff J., Heynig H. & Mollenhauer D. (Hrsg/Eds), SiiBwascrflora von Mitteleuropa. Spektmm, Heidelbeig, 468 pp.

Lange-Bertalot H. 1980. New species, combinations and synonyms in the genus Nitzschia. Bacillaria 3: 41-77.

Lehman J. T., Litt A. H., Mugidde R. & Lehman D. A. 1998. Nutrients and plankton biomass in the Rift lake sources of the White Nile: Lakes Albert and Edward. - In: Lehman J. (Ed.), Environmental Change and Response in East African Lakes. Kluwer, 157-172.

Marsâlek B., Blaha L. & Babica P. 2003. Analysis of microcystins in the biomass of Pseudanabaena limnetica collected in Znojmo reservoir. - Czech Phycology, Оlomouc З: 195-197.

Moestrup O. & Calado A. 2018. Dinophyceae. - In: Bü d elB., G artnerG., Krienitz L. & Schagerl M. (Hrsg/Eds), SiiBw asserflora von Mitteleuropa 6/Freshwater flora of Central Europe 6. Springer Spectrum, Heidelberg, 561 pp.

PascherA. 1949a. III. Chlorophyceae. I. Volvocales.-In: Exploration du Parc National Albert, Mission H. Damas (1935-1936), Fascicule 19, Bruxelles: Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge, 79-83.

PascherA. 1949b. Flagellaten: II. Chrysophyta. III. Pyrrhophyta. IV. Euglenophyta. - In: Exploration du Parc National Albert, Mission H. Damas (1935-1936), Fascicule 19, Bruxelles: Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge, 52-70.

Potapova M. 2009. New Species and Combinations in the Diatom Genus Sellaphora (Sellaphoraceae) from Southeastern United States. - Harvard Papers in Botany 13:171-181.

Sitoki L., Kofler W. & Rott E. 2013. Planktonic needle-shaped Nitzschia species from Lake Victoria, Africa, revisited. - Diatom Research 28 (2): 165-174.

Stoyneya M. P., Dobrev H. P. & Pilarski P. St. 2015. Calothrix confervicola Agardh ex Bomet et Flahault (Cyanoprokaryota) - a new possible causative agent of seaweed dermatitis? - Annual of Sofia University, Faculty Biology, Book 2 - Botany 99: 11-18.

Stoyneva-Gârtner M. P., Descy J.-P, Latli A., Uzunov B., Pavlova V., Bratanova Zl., Babica P., M arsalek B., Meriluoto J. & Spoof L. 2017. Assessment of cyanoprokaryote blooms and of cyanotoxins in Bulgaria in a 15-years period (2000-2015). - Advances in Oceanography and Limnology 8 (1): 131-152.

Stoyneva-Gartner M. P., Uzunov B. A., Descy J.-P, G. Gartner, Draganova P. H , Borisova C. I., Pavlova V. & Mitreva M. 2019. Pilot application of drone-observations and pigment marker detection by HPLC in the studies of CyanoHABs in Bulgarian inland waters. - Marine and Freshwater Research, https://doi.oig/10.1071/MF18383.

Stoyneva-Gârtner M. P., Uzunov B. A., Radkova M., Georgieva Ts., Pavlova V., M itreya M., Draganova P., Borisova C. & G. Gartner 2019. Polyphasic taxonomy of risk causative cyanoprokaryotes in Bulgaria, 11th International Conference on Toxic Cyanobacteria, Krakow, Poland, 5-10 May 2019, Research Gate doi: 10.13140/RG2.2.33510.88648/1.

Stoyneya-Gartner M. P., Morana C., Borges A., Okello W., Deirmendjlan L., Lambert T., Nankabirwa A., Nabafu E., Bouillon S., Darchambeau F. & Descy J.-P. Diversity an decology of phytoplankton in Lake Edward (East Africa): present status and long-term changes. - Journal of Great Lake Research (in prep.)

Strunecky O., Bohunicka M., Johansen J. R ., Capkova K ., Raaboya L., Dvorak P. & Komarek J. 2017. A revision of the genus Geitlerinema and a description of the genus Anagnostidinema gen. nov. (Oscillatoriophycidae, Cyanobacteria). – Fottea Olomouc 17(1): 114-126. 

Taylor J. C., Harding W. R. & Archibald G. C. M. 2007. An illustrated guide to some common diatom species from South Africa. Report TT 282/07 to the Water Research Commission. Pretoria, South Africa, 225 pp.

Teneva I., Stoyanov P., Mladenov R. & Dzhambazov B. 2013. In vitro and in vivo toxicity evaluation of the freshwater cyanobacterium Heteroleiblenia kuetzingii. - Central European Journal of Biology 12: 1216-1229.

Trobajo R , Rovira L., Ector L., Wetzel C. E., Kelly M . & Mann D. G. 2013. Morphology and identity of some ecologically important small Nitzschia species. - Diatom Research 28 (1): 37-59.

Tsarenko P. M. 2011. Sphaeropleales. - In: Tsarenko P. M., Wasser S. P. & Nevo E. (Eds), Algae of Ukraine: diversity, nomenclature, taxonomy, ecology and geography. Volume 3: Chlorophyta. Ruggell, A. R. A. Gantner Verlag K.-G., 280­355.

Ustinova I., Krienitz L. & Huss V. A. R. 2000. Hyaloraphidium curvatum is not a green alga, but a lower fungus; Amoebidium parasiticum is not a fungus, but a member of the DRIPs. - Protist 151 (3): 253-262.

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 2018. Lake Edward. - https://en.wikipedia.oig/wiki/Lake_Edward (last accessed on 10th October 2018)

Wynne M. J. & Guiry M. D. 2016. Tetradesmus lagerheimii M.J.Wynne & Guiry, nomen novum, a replacement name for Tetradesmus acuminatus (Lagerheim) M. J. Wynne, nom. illeg. (Sphaeropleales, Chlorophyta). - Notulae Algarum 12: 1 p.

Wynne M. J. & Hallan J. K. [2015] 2016. Reinstatement of Tetradesmus G. M. Smith (Sphaeropleales, Chlorophyta). - Feddes Repertorium 126: 83-86.