KOREANS IN EUROPE AND BULGARIA: HISTORICAL-STRUCTURAL PERSPECTIVES ON KOREAN MIGRATION

Автори

Ключови думи :

корейска общност в България, корейска имиграция в Европа, корейска миграция, международна миграция, двигатели на миграцията, историко-структурна теория

Абстракт

Тази статия проследява историята и характеристиките на корейските имигран­ти в Европа, по-специално в България, като използва теорията за миграционните системи и историко-структурната перспектива. Това ни позволява да видим как някои от ключовите фактори на микроравнище влияят върху мотивацията на мигрантите да емигрират, как те се установяват в нова среда и формират етническа общност. В изследването се използват архивни документи, исторически източници, правителствени данни и качествени методи като включено наблюдение и дълбочинни интервюта. Статията откроява някои от основните причини, каращи корейските имигранти да се релокират в България, като възможности за нова кариера, по-добро образование за младото поколение и мисионерска дейност.

 

БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ:

REFERENCES

Вае 2019: Bae, J. S. A Study of Korean Ex-Miners’ Re-Migration to the U.S. and Their Oc­cupational Changes. - Journal of Multi-Cultural Contents Studies, 32/2019, p. 263-302.

Baev, Kim 2019 : Baev, J. Kim S. Y. Korea in the Bulgarian Archives, 1945-1995 : An Introduc­tion. https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/korea-the-bulgarian-archives-1945-1995-in- troduction, 2019, date accessed: 15.02.2025.

Bailey, Massey, Arango, Hugo, Kouaouci, Pellegrino, Taylor 2001: Bailey, A., Massey, D. S., Arango, J., Hugo, G., Kouaouci, A., Pellegrino, A., Taylor, J. E. Worlds in Motion: Understanding International Migration at the End of the Millennium. - Economic Ge­ography, 77/2001, p. 312-314

Bak 2019: Bak, G.Y Diaspora Cross-Boarding of Korean Youngers Dispatched to Germany and becoming as Germany miners in the 1960s and 1970s. - Multiculture & Peace, 13/2019, p. 83-106.

Brubaker 2005: R., The ‘Diaspora’ Diaspora. - Ethnic and Racial Studies, 28/2005, p. 1-19.

Choi 2013: Choi, G. J., Kim S.Y. A Life Story of a North Korean Student in Bulgaria: focused on the life of Mr. Yi Sang-jong. - Multiculture & Peace Journal, 7/2013, p. 199-234.

Choi 2017: Choi, Y. Y The Korean Germans and Xenophobia in the German Socity - A Study on Two Texts of Martin Hyun Koreanische Deutsche Und Xenophobie in Der Deutschen Gesellschaft - Eine Untersuchung Am Beispiel von Zwei Texten Martin Hyuns. - Seoul National University, Journal of Humanities, 74/2017, p. 369-401.

Choi 2022: Choi, С. M. The Transition to Minority and the Women’s Korean War-Focusing on the representation of ‘Japanese wives’ in Chang Hyuk-Ju’s novel.” - SAI, 33/2022, p. 397-434.

Cohen 2008: Cohen, R. Global Diasporas: An Introduction Global Diasporas. London: Routledge, 2008.

Fawcett, Arnold 1987: Fawcett, J., Arnold, F. The Role of Surveys in the Study of Internation­al Migration: An Appraisal. - International Migration Review, 21/1987, p. 1523-1540.

Gyeon 2023: Gyeon, S. An overseas Korean welcomes the establishment of the Korean Compatriots’ Office. https://weekly.chosun.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=26628, 2023, date accessed: 16.02.2025.

Haas, Castles, Miller 2020: Haas, de H., Castles, S., Miller, M. J. The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modem World. New York: The Guilford Press, 2022.

Han 2023: Han, S. H. Studying Abroad after Spending Hundreds of Millions, but Not Getting a Job. https://www.mk.co.kr/news/society/10781241, 2023, date accessed: 10.02.2025.

Hyok 2023: Hyok, C. Y Rethinking Diaspora Policy for European Adoptees and the Next Generation of Overseas Koreans. - Foreign Relations, 147/2023, p. 131-44.

Im 2012: Im, H. B. Political Analysis of Park Chung Hee : Leadership, Modernization, Yushin and Park’s Demise. - Peace Studies, 20/2012, p. 51-84.

Jang 2008: Jang. YS. A Study on Korean Adoptees from Korean Diaspora Viewpoint. - The Korean Journal of Area Studies, 26/2008, p. 83-103.

Jeon 2022: Jeon, M.Y Korean Nurses and Miners’ Immigration to and Permanent Residence in Germany 1960s-1970s. Seoul: PhD dissertation, Sungkonghoe University, 2022.

Jeon 2025: Jeon, S. Beyond the Miracle: Inequality in South Korea’s New Economy. https://thediplomat.com/2025/07/beyond-the-miracle-inequality-in-south-koreas-new- economy/, 2025, date accessed: 07.09.2025.

Ji 2017: Ji, C. N. The formation, development and transformation in Korean-Japanese new­comer town: focusing on shinokubo korea town. - Ethnic Studies, 69/2017, p. 178-209.

Jo 2000: Jo, Y. J. Korean World Mission Council, Databases Korean missionaries in Bul­garia. https://www.kwmc.com/missionary/database/bulgaria.htm, 2000, date accessed: 03.02.2015.

Jo 2017: Jo, J. Homing: An Affective Topography of Ethnic Korean Return Migration. Ho­nolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2017.

Jung 2019: Jung, G. J. A study of return migration intention of Korean-Brazilians. Seoul: PhD dissertation, Hankuk University, 2019.

Kang 2009: Kang, Y. J. Transnational Life of Korean ‘Wild Geese Family’: Coping Strat­egies and Family Paths Across Time. - The Korean Journal of Community Living Sci­ence, 20/2009, p. 205-221.

Kang 2019: Kang, H. J. Koreans in Bulgaria. - In 100 Years of Korean Diaspora in Eu­rope. Vol.3. Frankfurt: Hanin Europe, Association of Korean Residents in Europe, 2019, p. 77-116.

Kim 2012: Kim, Y. S. Joblessness Among the Highly Educated Youth in Korea: The Causes and Policy Implications. - Korean Development Institute, Journal of Economic Policy, 34/2012, p. 67-94.

Kim 2014: Kim, S. Y. Cooperation between Republic of Bulgaria and North Korea after the Korean War through the memoir of Vasilka Nikiforova. - CEESOK Journal of Korean Studies, 15/2024, p. 61-79.

Kim 2015: Kim, J.S. A Study on Relationship between the Export-oriented Economic Pol­icy of Korean Government and Formation of Korean Society in the United Kingdom. - The Korean Cultural Studies, 29/2015, p. 243-282.

Kim 2017: Kim, J. S. A Theoretical Analysis of International Migration of Highly-Skilled Labors and Economic Development: Case Study of Indian Engineers in Silicon Valley. The Korean Journal of Humanities and the Social Sciences. - Korean Journal of Hu­manities and the Social Science, 41/2017, p. 138-173.

Kim 2020: Kim, B.G. Study on ‘Kim Il-Sung school’ at Budapest based on the documents of Hungarian Foreign Affairs. - Journal of Education & Culture, 26/2020, p. 505-524.

Kim 2020: Kim, O. S. The Aesthetics of Documentary Photography in Berlin Portraits: Focusing on Identity of the Korean Nurse in Germany. Seoul: PhD dissertation, HongIk University, 2020.

Kim 2021 : Kim, K. N. Relations between Poland and North Korea according to the Regime System. - EU Studies, 60/2021, p. 173-210.

Kim 2023: Kim, Y.Y A Study of North Korea’s Higher Education Policies Since the 2000s: Changes in Line with ‘Global Trends’. Sociology of Education. Seoul: PhD dissertation, Seoul National University, 2023.

Kim, Im, Chang, Park, Ki, Jeong, Kim, Shin, Lee 2016: Kim, A. R., Im, H. B., Chang, H. S., Park, J. H., Ki, S. Y, Jeong, Y. J., Kim, S. J., Shin, J. Y, Lee, К. H. On Analyzing the ‘Hell-Chosun’ Phenomenon in Contemporary South Korea: Through a Textual Analysis of Media Representation. - Korean Journal of Communication & Information, 80/2016, p. 40-114.

Kwon 2025: Kwon, J. South Korea trials 4-day weeks and half-days for its stressed-out workers. https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2025/9Z4/south-korea-trials-4-day- weeks-and-half- days-for-its-stressed-out-workers, 2025, date accessed: 05.09.2025.

Lee 1966: Lee, E. S. A Theory of Migration. - Demography, 3/1966, p. 47-57.

Lee 2012: Lee, J. Y. Korean Town in London: Formation and Transformation. - Studies of Koreans Abroad, 27/2012, p. 177-211.

Lee 2016: Lee, M. Y. Long-term Travel as ‘Escape from Hell-Joseon’: A Research about Korean Travelers in India. - Cross-Cultural Studies, 22/2016, p. 29-328.

Lee 2019: Lee, D. R. South Korea’s Ministry of Justice- Expanding the scope of Overseas Korean until 4 generations. http://www.moj.go.kr/bbs/moj/182/487613/artclView.do, 2019, date accessed: 12.02.2025.

Lee 2022: Lee, H. W. Thick Description of the Overseas Korean Society in Vietnam: A Review on Koreans in Vietnam: The Settlement and the Politics of Transnational Life. - Seoul National University Asia Center Asia Review, 12/2022, p. 517-525.

Lee, Kang, Yoo, Nha, Lee, Lee, Kim, Yeom 2012: Lee. J.Y, Kang, J. H., Yoo, J. S., Nha, H. S., Lee, Y. G., Lee, J. Y, Kim, J. S., Yeom, W. Y, History of Korean Immigrants in Europe, (16th ed). National Institute of Korean History. 2012.

Lee, Kearms 2015: Lee, J. Y, Kearms, R. Return migration of 1.5 generation Korean new Zealanders: short-term and long-term motives. - New Zealand Geographer, 71/2015, p. 34-44.

Lee, Lee 2014: Lee, S. J., Lee, W. Y. Social Relations and Attitudes between South Korean Migrants and North Korean Refugees in the Korea Town, New Malden, U.K. -.” North Korean Studies Review, 18/2014, p.137-174.

Lee, Lee, Shin 2016: Lee, C. M., Lee, H. C., Shin, H. J. Past and Present of the Asian Immi­grants in Brazil: A Comparative Study of Ethnic Koreans and Japanese. - Asian Journal of Latinamerican Studies, 29/2016, p. 51-79.

Lee, Park 2015: Lee, Y. J, Park, J. Y. Korean Diaspora in Germany from a Transnational Perspective. - Critical Review of History, 110/2015, p. 321-343.

Lim, Kritz, Zlotnik 1992: Lim, L.L., Kritz, M.M., Zlotnik, H. International migration sys­tems: a global approach. - International studies in demography. England: Oxford Clar­endon Press, 1992.

Mabogunje 1970: Mabogunje, A.L. Systems Approach to a Theory of Rural-Urban Migra­tion. - Geographical Analysis, 2/1970, p. 1-18.

Moon 2025: Moon, J. South Korea’s student loan debt tops W2tr as youth unemploy­ment deepens, https://www.koreaherald.com/article/10534730, 2025, date accessed: 09.09.2025.

Na 2013: Na, H.S. The Influence of Korean Nurses’ Immigration into Germany on the Nursing Culture and Policy of the Countries: A Transnational Perspective. - Korean J Med Hist, 22/2013, p. 179-216.

Noh, Kim 2022: Noh, H. Y, Kim, A. Y. Why North Koreans Migrated to the West: Analysis on Cases of the U.K. and Canada Based on Migration System Theory. - Unification Policy Studies, 31/2022, p. 1-44.

Nussupbekova 2025:Nussupbekova, T. South Korea’s Residential Property Market Anal­ysis 2025. https://www.globalpropertyguide.com/asia/south-korea/price-history, 2025, date accessed: 05.09.2025.

Overseas Korean Agency 2023: Statistics of Overseas Koreans, https://eng.korean.net/por- tal_en/information/knt_major_area.do, 2023, date accessed: 02.02.2025.

Overseas Koreans Agency 2011: Overseas Koreans Agency. South Korea’s Overseas Ko­rean Status, https://eng.korean.net/portal_en/information/knt.do, 2011, date accessed: 12.02.2025.

Open Balkan: About Open Balkan: https://openbalkan.org/index.php, date ac­cessed: 13.01.2025.

Pak 2022: Pak, H. Y. The Establishment of the International Anti-Imperialist League in the late 1920s and the Response of Korean Nationalists. - The Humanities of Coexistence, 8/2022, p. 219-264.

Park 2008: Park, Y. G. The Korean War. Paju: Withbook, 2008.

Park 2015: Park, W. S. Characteristics of the Immigration Path and Residential Location of Korean Immigrants in London Metropolitan Area. - Journal of The Korean Association of Regional Geographers, 18/2015, p. 467-491.

Park 2016: Park, W.S. Role and Activation Strategies of Korean Ethnic Networks in the Settlement Process of Korean Immigrants in London Metropolitan Area. - Journal of The Korean Association of Regional Geographers, 11/2016, p. 102-119.

Park 2017: Park, B. J. Implications for International Migration and Regional Development: Focusing on International Migrant Workers in Korea. - The Journal of International Relations, 20/2017, p. 107-131.

Park 2017: Park, S.H. Bulgarian Meals with love Bulgarian, https://www.cts.tv/news/view?ncate=CATTV&dpid=211490 2017, date accessed: 16.02.2025.

Park, Yoon 2016: Park, M.Y, Yoon, I. J. Diaspora History in Documents: Times of Migra­tion, Settlement and Development: Eurasia - Europe. Daejeon: National Archives of Korea, 2016.

Patterson 2000: Patterson, W. The Ilse: first-generation Korean immigrants in Hawai‘i, 1903-1973, Hawai‘i studies on Korea. Honolulu: Center for Korean Studies, University of Hawai‘i, 2000.

Richter, Ruspini 2017: Richter, M., Ruspini, P. An Introduction to Migration and Trans­nationalism Between Switzerland and Bulgaria. - in: Richter, M., Ruspini, P., Mihai­lov, D., Mintchev, V., Nollert, M. (Eds.) New York: Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2017, p. 1-24.

Seong 2009: Seong, G. H. 45 years of Korean Miner dispatched to Germany History. Seoul: Korean in Germany Gluckauf, 2009.

Shen 2019: Shen, S. W. Historical and Contemporary Korean Emigration: A Comparative Analysis of Ten Waves of Korean Migration. - Journal of International Migration and Integration, 20/2019, p.31-47.

Shim 2021: Shim, S. E. Immigration as personal and cultural interchange. - In: The Rout­ledge Handbook of Europe-Korea Relations. Nicola Casarini, Antonio Fiori, Nam- Kook Kim, Jae-Seung Lee, and Ramon Pacheco Pardo. (Eds.) London: Routledge, 2021, p. 93-103.

Shin 2015: Shin, J. J. A Critical Review of the Role of Diasporas in the Migration- Devel­opment Nexus. - Journal of Diaspora Studies, 9/2015, p. 7-36.

Shin 2019: Shin, H. S. 1919 Paris Peace Conference and Kim Gyu-sik’s Movement for Dip­lomatic Independence. - The Journal of History and Practical Thought Studies, 69/2019, p.376-413.

Sim 2013: Sim, N.H. The influence of Korean nurses’ immigration into Germany on the nursing culture and policy of the countries: a transnational perspective. - Uisahak-Ko- rean Journal of Medical History, 22/2013, p. 179-216.

Son, Kim 2017: Son, M.A., Kim, S. H. Family Migration of North Korean Defectors: With a Focus on the Phenomenon of Chain Migrations. - Korea Journal of Population Stud­ies, 40/2017, p. 57-81.

Song 2019: Song, S. W. Introspect and Prospect of Studies on Overseas Koreans. - Korea Research Center of Ethnology, 74/2019, p. 52-69.

Song, Lee 2017: Song, D. W., Lee, K.Y. A Cultural Analysis of the Varying Modes of Sur­vival and the Particular Structures of Feeling among Young Adults in Contemporary South Korea in an Era of Fierce Competition and Widespread Social Uncertainty. - Ko­rean Journal of Communication & Information, 84/2017, p. 28-98.

Stephen 2004: Stephen, C. The Factors That Make and Unmake Migration Policies. - The International Migration Review, Sage Publications, Inc. 38/2004, p. 852-884.

Won, Choi 2018: Won, J. S., Choi, G. J. A Phase of Cultural Exchanges between North Ko­rea and Bulgaria in the 1950s-An investigation into Bulgarian Government Archives. - Journal of Education & Culture, 24/2018, p. 339-358.

Yeo, Yang, Ito, Lee 2022: Yeo, J.S., Yang, K., Ito, H., Lee, H. K. A Study on the Enhance­ment of Korean Diaspora-related Subject Headings: Focusing on Korean-related Termi­nology in the National Library of Korea Subject Headings. - Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society, 53/2022, p. 103-124.

Yi 2016: Yi, H.Y International Dispositive of Human Rights and the Narrative of Tragedy: Focusing on a Case study of North Korean Refugees in Germany. - Economy and So­ciety, 109/2016, p. 191-228.

Yim, Kim 2016: Yim, YE., Kim, Y M. A Study on the Characteristics of Korea-town and History of Korean Community in Brazil. - The Journal of Humanities and Social Sci­ences, 21/2016, p. 681-700.

Yoo 2014: Yoo, H. S. Struggles and Challenges of the Zainichi Korean/Chosen Society: Focusing on the Relations between “Old” and “New” Comers. - Korean Journal of Japanese Studies, Seoul National University, 10/2014, p.308-329.

Yoon 2002: Yoon, I. J. Korean Diaspora and Korean Ethnic Identity from Global Perspec­tives: Koreans in China, Japan, the CIS, Canada, and the United States. - Association for Studies of Korean Abroad, 12/2002, p. 5-64.

Yoon 2002: Yoon, I. J. The history and present state of Korean diasporas 1, - In: Sahoo, A.K. (eds.). Routledge Handbook of Asian Diaspora and Development. New York: Routledge, p. 11-25.

Yoon 2003: Yoon, I. J. The Korean Diaspora: Migration, Adaptation, and Identity of Over­seas Koreans. - Korean Journal of Sociology, 37/2003, p. 101-142.

Yoon 2005: Yoon, I. J. Korean Diaspora, in: Encyclopedia of Diasporas. In Ember, M., Em­ber, C.R., Skoggard, I. (Eds.) Springer US, (pp. 201-213). Boston, MA.

Yoon 2012: Yoon, I. J. Migration and the Korean Diaspora: A Comparative Description of Five Cases. - Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 38/2012, p. 413-435.

Yoon 2014: Yoon, S. Korean Wave in Eastern Europe and Cultural Identity. - Korean Jour­nal of Broadcasting and Telecommunication Studies, 23/2014, p. 94-131.

Yoon 2019: Yoon, S. J. Forgotten Children: North Korean War Orphans Sent to Eastern Europe in the 1950s. - The history that makes tomorrow possible, 74/2019, p. 226-235.

Авторска биография

  • Автор: Джунгмин Xeo Изследовател, 1 ниво Катедра „Кореистика“, Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski

    Катедра „Кореистика“ Факултет по класически и нови филологии
    Софийски университет „Св. Климент Охридски“

Файлове за сваляне

Публикуван

2026-08-28