Annual of Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski". Faculty of Law
Университетско издателство "Св. Климент Охридски"
Milestones and undercurrents in the course of the evolution of bulgarian studies on international security after 1989
This review follows three decades of the Bulgarian academic debate on international security. It analyzes the run-up to Bulgaria’s U-turn from bloc solidarity to Euro-Atlantic integration dynamics and studies the aftermath of the persistently inactive stance towards global commitments. It verifies three assumptions in conjunction with three structural and temporal units of the research: during the 1990s Bulgarian epistemic community has shifted the paradigm to inclusion and adaptation within the complex interdependence and has been making attempts to abstain from being stereotyped with its turbulent neighborhood; through-out the 2000s Bulgarian scholars have become more self-reflective and sensitive to the Europeanization perspective and more critical towards sporadic failures to be a loyal ally and an accountable member-state; the 2010s saw Bulgarian academia and practitioners becoming a little bit reticent as to the deepening perspectives in international security studies although they still actively contribute to broadening the debate with new issues. 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Evolyutsia na kontseptsiyata za sigurnost. Shumen: UI „Episkop Konstantin Preslavski“, 2006 (V. Tarnovo: Faber), 171 s. Angelov, Anyu, Mitrev, Dimitar. Ustoychivost i demokratichen monitoring na natsionalnata sigurnost. Shumen: UI „Episkop Konstantin Preslavski“, 2005. Atanasov, Dimitar. Koy shte garantira neutralitet na Bulgaria? – Mezhdunarodni otnoshenia, No 2, 1994. Velkova, Lidia. Prodovolstvena sigurnost – problemi i perspektivi. – Voenen zhurnal, No 1, 2013. Vidzhilante, Antonio, Dimitrov, Dimitar i dr. Choveshkata sigurnost v Bulgaria. Hora v prehod. Sofia: Programa za razvitie na OON, Fondatsia „Fridrih Ebert“, Tsentar za izsledvane na demokratsiyata, 1998. Genov, Georgi i dr. (red.) Alternativi na politikata na sigurnost na Republika Bulgaria v usloviyata na demokratichen prehod. Sofia: Albatros. (Izd. na UNSS, Institut za natsionalna sigurnost i mezhdunarodni otnoshenia), 1998. Dimitrov, Dimitar. Sazdavane na politika i strategia za sigurnost – glavni uchastnitsi i instrumenti. – Mezhdunarodni otnoshenia, No 5–6, 2009. Dinkov, Dinko. Sigurnostta kato neprekasnato izpitanie za vanshnata politika. – Mezhdunarodni otnoshenia, No 1–2, 2010. Dobreva, Hristina. Teoretichna ramka za analiz na ponyatieto sigurnost, kombinirashta sigurnost i razvitie. – Mezhdunarodni otnoshenia, No 5–6, 2009. Dobreva, Hristina. Strategiite na yadreno sdarzhane i kiber sdarzhane: priemstvenost i osobenosti. – V: Savremenni aspekti na sigurnostta. Predizvikatelstva, podhodi, reshenia. Sofia: Voenna akademia „G. S. Rakovski“, 2021. Yonchev, Dimitar. Ravnishta na sigurnost. Sofia: NBU, Tsentar za izuchavane na riskovete i sigurnostta, 2008. Koburov, Todor. Situatsionen vanshnopoliticheski analiz v oblastta na sigurnostta: teoria i praktika na problema v usloviyata na promenyashta se sreda na sigurnost ot kraya na XX i nachaloto na XXI vek. Sofia: King [Mig print], 2009. Kontseptsia za natsionalna sigurnost na Republika Bulgaria, prieta s Reshenie na Narodnoto sabranie ot 16.04.1998 g., obnarodvana v DV, br. 46 ot 22.04.1998 g., dostapna na Portala za obshtestveni konsultatsii na MS: https://www.strategy.bg/StrategicDocuments/View.aspx?lang=bg-BG&Id=655 Krastev, Dragomir. Politika na ES v oblastta na sigurnostta. Sofia: Voenno izdatelstvo „Sv. Georgi Pobedonosets“. Milenski, Vladimir. Vatreshni predizvikatelstva na politikata za otbrana i sigurnost v postkomunisticheska Bulgaria. – Publichni politiki.bg, No 2, 2012. Available from: https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=660564 – Atlanticheski savet Milina, Velichka, Tagarev, Todor, Georgiev, Venelin. Kam izsledvaneto na politiki za energiyna sigurnost v uslovia na neopredelenost. – Voenen zhurnal, No 1, 2013. Naydenov, Mihail. Instrumentite na silata v politicheskite strategii na malkite darzhavi v mezhdunarodnata politika. – Mezhdunarodni otnoshenia, No 1–2, 2007. Pantev, Plamen. 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Vzaimozavisimost i sigurnost v mezhdunarodnite otnoshenia. Sofia: Izdatelstvo na BKP, 1990. Prodanov, Vasil. Sekyuritizatsiyata i desekyuritizatsiyata kato harakteristiki na savremennite obshtestva. – Mezhdunarodni otnoshenia, No 3, 2010. Rachev, Valeri, Milina, Velichka i dr. Natsionalna i mezhdunarodna sigurnost. Sofia: Voenno izdatelstvo „Sv. Georgi Pobedonosets“, 2005, 520 s. Rachev, Valeri. Geopolitika i natsionalna sigurnost prez prehodnia politicheski period. – Mezhdunarodni otnoshenia, No 4, 1994. Rachev, Valeri. Partnyorstvoto za mir na NATO: dvadeset godini po-kasno. – Voenen zhurnal, No. 1, 2014. Savov, E. (red.). Strategia na sigurnost i satrudnichestvo. Sofia: Partizdat, 1989, 283 s. Semerdzhiev, Tsvetan. Informatsionna sigurnost. Sofia: Softtreyd, 2004. Slatinski, Nikolay (sast.). Yonchev, Dimitar (red.). Demokratichnoto obshtestvo i grazhdanskiyat kontrol varhu sistemata za natsionalna sigurnost. Sravnitelen analiz i kulturni osobenosti. Sofia: Fondatsia „Fridrih Ebert“, Fondatsia „Demokratsia i sigurnost“, 1997. Slatinski, Nikolay. Izmerenia na sigurnostta. Sofia: Paradigma, 2000. Slatinski, Nikolay. Integrativen podhod kam nyakoi bazisni ponyatia v naukata za sigurnostta. – „105 godini znanie v interes na sigurnostta i otbranata. [Sbornik dokladi ot mezhdunarodna nauchna konferentsia, 6–7 april 2017 g.]. Sofia: Voenna akademia „Georgi Stoykov Rakovski“, 2018. Slatinski, Nikolay. Pette niva na sigurnostta. Sofia: Voenno izdatelstvo „Sv. Georgi Pobedonosets“, 2010, 256 s. Slatinski, Nikolay. Sigurnost i mezhdunarodni otnoshenia. – Mezhdunarodni otnoshenia, No 2, 1999. Slatinski, Nikolay. Sigurnostta: sashtnost, smisal i sadarzhanie. Sofia: Voenno izdatelstvo „Sv. Georgi Pobedonosets“. Slatinski, Nikolay. Sadarzhanie i izmerenia na kategoriyata „sigurnost“. – Mezhdunarodni otnoshenia, No 4, 2011. Stefanov, Georgi. Mezhdunarodnata sigurnost. Sofia: Siela, 1997. Stefanov, Georgi. Teoria na mezhdunarodnata sigurnost. Sofia: Siela, 2005, 424 s. Sabev, Sabi. Bulgaria v NATO – parvite deset godini. – Voenen zhurnal, No 1, 2014. Tagarev, Todor. Otbranitelna politika: obhvat, osnovni komponenti i zavisimosti. – Mezhdunarodni otnoshenia, No 1–2, 2007. Tepavicharov, Hristo. Neutralitetat – alternativata za [natsionalnata sigurnost na] Bulgaria. – Mezhdunarodni otnoshenia, No 2, 1996. Todorov, Antoniy. Vanshnopoliticheskite prioriteti na Bulgaria. – Mezhdunarodni otnoshenia, No 5, 1999. Tsekov, Ivo. Hibridnata zaplaha za sigurnostta: vaznikvane, osobenosti i protivodeystvie. – Mezhdunarodni otnoshenia, No 3–4, 2021. Shalalmanov, Velizar, Tagarev, Todor, Mihov, Miho. Informatsionni aspekti na sigurnostta. Sofia: PROKON, 1996. Shalamanov, Velizar. Perspektivi za satrudnichestvo v oblastta na otbranata i sigurnostta. – Mezhdunarodni otnoshenia, No 4. Yanakiev, Yantsislav. Horata v otbranata. Edinni v mnogoobrazieto. S.: Universitetsko izdatelstvo „Sv. Kliment Ohridski“, 2013, 272 s. Yankov, Aleksandar. Natsionalna sigurnost – regionalno satrudnichestvo – globalna stabilnost: mezhdunarodnopravni aspekti. [Doklad na Konferentsia „Natsionalnata nesigurnost Bozhilov, Yordan. (ed.) Strengthening the Regional Security. The Role of EU and NATO in the Wider Black Sea Area. Sofia: Elestra Ltd, 2015, 152 p. – Wilfred Martens Centre for European Studies, Konrad Adenauer Stiftung. Brzezinski, Zbigniew. The consequences of the end of the cold war for international security. The Adelphi Papers, 32: 265, 1991. Buzan, Barry, Hansen, Lene. The Evolution of International Security Studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Buzan, Barry. People, States & Fear. An Agenda for International Security Studies in the Post-Cold War Era. Colchester, UK: ECPR Press, 2007. Cavelty, Myriam Dunn, Mauer, Victor. (eds.). The Routledge Handbook of Security Studies. Taylor & Francis Group, Routledge, 2010. Delors, Jacques. The European Community and the New World Order. 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Choice of court agreements under the 2005 Hague Convention
The 2005 Choice of Court Agreements Convention is an example of a successfully adopted international instrument of the Hague Conference on Private International Law regulating direct international jurisdiction in civil and commercial matters. The Convention brings in place an international legal regime for exclusive choice of court agreements between parties to commercial transactions and for recognition and enforcement of judgments resulting from proceedings based on such agreements. Given the scope of application (choice of court agreements and recognition and enforcement of judgments resulting from proceedings based on such agreements) and the structure of the Convention, one of its goals is to achieve results similar to these of the 1958 New York Convention of on Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards in the field of arbitration agreements and the resulting arbitral awards. In this article an analysis of the key provisions of the 2005 Hague Convention is made – concerning its scope of application, the effect of choice of court agreements and the recognition and enforcement of the judgment made by a court of a Contracting State chosen under an exclusive choice of court agreement. The application of the Convention’s provisions is examined in the context of the global-scale project for recognition and enforcement of court judgements in commercial matters and the interaction with the most significant regional instrument on the matter – Regulation (EU) No. 1215/2012. A comparison is made between the key provisions of the Convention and the relevant rules of the EU regulation. References: Sarbinova, Dafina. Deystvitelni li sa ednostrannite yurisdiktsionni klauzi? – Targovsko i obligatsionno pravo, 2013, No 7, 27–40. Ahmed, M. and Beaumont, P. Exclusive choice of court agreements: some issues on the Hague Convention on choice of court agreements and its relationship with the Brussels I recast especially anti-suit injunctions, concurrent proceedings and the implications of BREXIT. – Journal of Private International Law, 2017, Vol. 13, No 2. Beaumont, P. Hague Choice of Court Agreements Convention 2005: Background, Negotiations, Analysis and Current Status (2009) 5. – Journal of Private International Law. Brand, R. A. and Herrup, P. M. The 2005 Hague Convention on Choice of Court Agreements: Commentary and Documents. Cambridge University Press, 2008. Hartley, T. Choice of Court Agreements under the European and International Instruments. Oxford University Press, 2013. Hartley, T. The Hague Choice of Court Convention. – European Law Review, 2006, 31(3). Magnus/Mankowski. European Commentaries on Private. International Law, Brussels Ibis Regulation, 2016. Schulz, A. The Hague Convention of 30 June 2005 on Choice of Court Agreements. (2006) 2. – Journal of Private International Law. Thiele, C. The Hague Convention on Choice of Court Agreements: Was It Worth the Effort?, In: Gottschalk, Eckart and others (eds.). Conflict of Laws in a Globalized World. Cambridge University Press, 2007. Von Mehren, A. T. Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments: A New Approach for the Hague Conference. – Law & Contemporary Problems, issue 57/1994. Wilderspin, M., Vyskoka, L. The 2019 Hague Judgments Convention through European lenses. – Nederlands Internationaal Privaatrecht, Vol. 1 (2020).
Hague Convention on Choice of Court Agreements
recognition and enforcement of court judgements
The principle of equality in the European Union law – short overview
The principle of equality has a comprehensive manifestation in the law of the European Union. The current study has several tasks: to provide an overview of the historical development of the idea of equality; to trace the emergence and development of the principle of equality in European Union law through primary law, secondary legislation and analyze the practical aspects of this principle in the case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Union. References: Aristotel, Politika. Sofia: Otvoreno obshtestvo, 1995. Yotov, Stiliyan. Avtonomia i dostoynstvo. – V: Avtonomia i bioetika. Ch. 2. Sofia: Kritika i humanizam, 2011. Yotov, Stiliyan. Choveshkoto dostoynstvo v meditsinata. – Sotsiologicheski problemi, 2013, No 3–4. Yotov, Stiliyan. Choveshko dostoynstvo i prava. Agata-A, 2016. Yotov, Stiliyan. Choveshko dostoynstvo i samouvazhenie, Profesionalen praven sayt „Predizvikay pravoto!“, 20 april 2014 g. Mrachkov, Vasil. Trudovo pravo. 7. prerab. i dop. izd. Sofia: Sibi, 2010. Semov, Atanas. Deklaratsiyata ot 9 may 1950 g. („Planat na Mone i Shuman“) – genialno politichesko prozrenie i dalgosrochna programa na evropeyskata integratsia – V: Mari-Frans Kristof-Chakalov i dr., Lektsii na Mezhdunarodnata magistarska programa Pravo na ES. T. 2. Aktualni problemi na ES, Tsentar za prodalzhаvashto obuchenie, YuF na SU, Sofia: Universitetsko izdatelstvo „Sv. Kliment Ohridski“, 2013. Semov, Atanas. Opredelyane na prilozhnoto pole na pravoto na ES. – God. SU. Yurid. fak., 86, 2019. Semov, Atanas. Prava na grazhdanite na ES. T. 1. Praven rezhim na zashtitata na pravata na choveka v Evropeyskia sayuz. Sofia: Universitetsko izdatelstvo „Sv. Kliment Ohridski“, Biblioteka „Studii po Evropeysko pravo“, 2013. Semov, Atanas. Prava na grazhdanite na Evropeyskia sayuz. T. 2. Praven rezhim na grazhdanstvoto na ES i na svobodnoto dvizhenie. Sofia: Universitetsko izdatelstvo „Sv. Kliment Ohridski“, 2013. Hristev, Hristo. Dogovorat ot Lisabon – nova epoha v zashtitata na osnovnite prava v pravoto na Evropeyskia sayuz – V: Lisabonskiyat dogovor. Konsolidirani tekstove na DES i DFES s komentari. Sofia, 2009. Baggaley, Nicholas. Trade Liberalization under the GATT, the NAFTA and the EU: Selected Topics. – Journal of Comparative International Management 1, no. 1, 1998. Belov, Martin. Human Dignity in Bulgaria. – In: Becchi, Paolo, Mathis, Klaus. (eds.) Handbook of Human Dignity in Europe, Springer, 2017. Bernitz, Ulf, Nergelius, Joakim. General Principles of EC Law in a Process of Development: Reports from a Conference in Stockholm, 23–24 March 2007, Organised by the Swedish Network, Kluwer Law International BV, 2008. Blanquet, Marc. Droit général de l’Union européenne. Paris: Sirey, 2018, 11ème éd. Borrillo, Daniel. Les instruments juridiques français et européens dans la mise en place du principe d’égalité et de non-discrimination. – Revue française des affaires sociales, No 1, 2002. D’Amato, Anthony. Comment: Is Equality a Totally Empty Idea? – Michigan Law Review, 1983, 81, vol. 3. Dashwood, Alan, O’Leary, Síofra. The Principle of Equal Treatment in EC Law: Papers Collected by the Centre for European Legal Studies. Cambridge: Sweet & Maxwell, 1997. Ellis, Evelyn. European Community sex equality law. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991. Ellis, Evelyn, Watson, Philippa. EU anti-discrimination law. OUP Oxford, 2012. Ellis, Evelyn. The impact of the Lisbon treaty on gender equality. – European Gender Equality Law Review, 1, 2010. Foster, Nigel. EU Law Directions. Second Edition, OUP, 2010. Fredman, Sandra. Discrimination law. Oxford University Press, 2011. Hartley, Trevor. The Foundations of European Community Law. Sixth Edition, OUP, 2007. Herdegen, Matthias. Europarecht. Verlag CH Beck, 20., überarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage, 2018. Hernu, Remy. Principe d’égalité et principe de non-discrimination dans la jurisprudence de la Cour de justice des Communautés européennes. LGDJ, 2003. Heywood, Andrew. Politics. Third Edition. Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. Horspool, Margot, Humphreys, Matthew. European Union Law. 6th edition. Oxford University Press, 2010. Jacqué, Jean Paul. Droit institutionnel de l’Union européenne. 8ème éd. Paris: Dalloz, 2015. Lawson, Anna. European Union non-discrimination law and intersectionality: investigating the triangle of racial, gender and disability discrimination. Routledge, 2016. Lecheler, Helmut. Der europäische Gerichtshof und die allgemeinen Rechtsgrundsätze. Duncker & Humblot, 1971. Lenaerts, Koenraat, Nuffel, Piet van. European Union Law. Third Edition. Sweet & Maxwell, 2011. Locke, John. Two Treatises of Government. In The Works of John Locke. A New Edition, Corrected. In Ten Volumes. Vol. V. London: Printed for Thomas Tegg; W. Sharpe and Son; G. Offor; G.and J. Robinson; J. Evans and Co.: Also R. Griffin and Co. Glasgow; and J. Gumming, Dublin 1823, Essay Two, Chapter VIII, par. 95. McCrudden, Christopher, Prechal, Sacha. The Concepts of Equality and Non-Discrimination in Europe: a Practical Approach, Report to the European Commission, 2009. More, Gillian. The Principle of Equal Treatment: From Market Unifier to Fundamental Right? – In: The Evolution of EU Law. Edited by Paul Craig and Gráinne de Búrca. Oxford University Press, 1999. Roemer, John, Trannoy, Alain. Equality of opportunity. – In: Handbook of income distribution. Elsevier, 2015. Sargeant, Malcolm. The law on age discrimination in the EU. Kluwer Law International BV, 2008. Simon, Denys. Le système juridique communautaire. 3e èdition, PUF, 2001. Schiek, Dagmar, Chege, Victoria. European Union non-discrimination law: comparative perspectives on multidimensional equality law. Routledge, 2009. Tridimas, Takis. The General Principles of EU Law. Second Edition, OUP, 2006. Westen, Peter. The empty idea of equality. – Harvard Law Review, 1982.
General principles of law as a source of European Union law
The general principles of law are unwritten source of European Union law, derived in the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union. They have particular significance in the context of the formation and the development of the legal system of European integration, giving particular expression to its autonomy vis-à-vis domestic and international law and having a determining importance for the structuring and consolidation of the integration legal order. The general principles of law give rise to specific rules binding on the EU institutions, the authorities of the Member States and, in some cases, on private law subjects. Compliance with them may be the subject of legality review before the CJEU or national courts in connection with the adoption and the application of EU law. They can serve as a guide in the interpretation of provisions of primary or secondary law, as well as justifying ground for the liability of the Union or the Member States for damage caused to private parties. Although the positive legal framework of European integration has grown considerably over the years, and the EU institutional system has various norm-setting mechanisms, some of which allow EU law to be amended quickly and effectively, general principles of law remain undoubtedly a source of crucial importance, which will continue to play a determining role in the evolution of European integration and its legal system. References: Kostov, Stanislav. Aktove na Sada na Evropeyskia sayuz. Pravni posleditsi. Sofia: Sibi, 2011. Popova, Zhasmin. Pravo na Evropeyskia sayuz. 3. osn. prerab. i dop. izd. Sofia: Siela, 2015. Semov, Atanas. Sistema na iztochnitsite na pravoto na Evropeyskia sayuz. Sofia: Universitetsko izdatelstvo „Sv. Kliment Ohridski“, 2009. Stoilov, Yanaki. Pravnite printsipi. Teoria i prilozhenie. Sofia: Sibi, 2018. Stoynev, Ivan. Vazmozhnost za pozovavane na mezhdunarodnite sporazumenia na Evropeyskia sayuz pri osashtestvyavane na kontrol za validnost po reda na chl. 263 DFES. – V: Stoilov, Yanaki, Valchev, Daniel (sast.). Iztochnitsite na pravoto – savremenni natsionalno- i mezhdunarodnopravni perspektivi. Sofia: Universitetsko izdatelstvo „Sv. Kliment Ohridski“, 2022. Tashev, Rosen. Obshta teoria na pravoto. Osnovni pravni ponyatia. Sofia: Sibi, 2007. Arnull, Anthony. The European Union and its Court of Justice. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2006. Bifulco, Raffaele, Cartabia, Marta, Celotto, Alfonso. L’Europa dei diritti. Commento alla Carta dei diritti fondamentali dell’Unione europea. Il Mulino, Bologna, 2001. Craig, Paul, Burca, Graianne de. „EU Law, Text, Cases and Materials“, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2001. Cuyvers, Armin. General Principles of EU Law. – In: Ugirashеbuja, Emmanuel, Ruhangisa, John Eudes, Ottervanger, Tom, Cuyvers, Armin (eds.). East African Community Law. Institutional, Substantive and Comparative EU Aspects. Brill Nijhoff, Liden, Boston, 2017. Dе Vries, Sybe A. Balancing Fundamental Rights with Economic Freedoms According to the European Court of Justrice. – Utrecht Law Review, Volume 9, Issue 1. Harbo, Tor-Inge. The Function of the Proportionality Principe in EU Law. – European Law Journal, Vol. 16, No 2, 2010. Hernu, Rémy. „Principe d’égalité et principe de non-discrimination dans la jurisprudence de la Cour de justice des Communautés européennes“. Paris, LGDJ, 2003. Hofmann, Herwig C.H. General Principles of EU Law and EU administrative law. – In: Barnard, Catherine, Peers, Steve (eds.). European Union Law. 3rd edition. OUP, Oxford, 2014. Jacqué, Jеаn-Paul. Droit institutionnel de l’Union européenne. 8e édition. Dalloz, Paris, 2015. Lenaerts, Koen. Le droit comparé dans le travail du juge communautaire. – Revue Trimestrielle du Droit européen, 2001. Martens, Paul. L’irrésistible ascension du principe de proportionnalité. – In : Mélanges Velu. Buylant, Bruxelles, 1992. McCorquodale, Robert. Business, Rule of Law and Human Rights. – In: McCorquodale, Robert (dir.). The Rule of Law in International and Comparative Context, British Institute of International and Comparative Law, London, 2010. Meenan, Helen. „Equality Law in Enlarged European Union“. Cambridge University Press, 2007. Nivard, Carole. Les conditions d’application de la Charte des droits fondamentaux. – In : Biad, Abdelwahab, Parisot, Valérie (dir.). La Charte des droits fondamentaux de l’Union européenne. Bilan d’application. Arthemis, Nemesis, Bruxelles, 2018. Papadopoulo, Rébecca-Emmanuela. Principes généraux du droit et droit communautaire. Origines et concrétisation. Sakkoulas, Athènes, Bruylant, Bruxelles, 1996. Picod, Fabrice. 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Ségolène Barbou-des-Places. « Signification et fоnction du principe de non-discrimination en droit communautaire ». – In: Potvin-Soulis, Laurence (dir.). « Le principe de non-discrimination face aux inégalités de traitement entre les personnes dans l’Union européenne ». Bruylant, Bruxelles, 2006. Spaventa, Eleanor. Fundamental rights in the European Union. – In: Barnard, Catherine, Peers, Steve, Peers, Steve (eds.). European Union Law. 3rd edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020. Tridimas, Takis. The General Principles of EU Law. 2nd edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2007. Tridimas, Takis. The general principles of EU law and the Europeanisation of national laws. – Review of European Administrative Law (REALaw), 2020, Vol. 13, Number 2. Usher, John Anthony. General Principles of EC Law. Longman, London, 1998.
Additional functions of nuclear deterrence in the modern security environment
The time is right for a fundamental rethinking of the role of nuclear weapons in national defense and of the composition of current nuclear forces. The Cold War is over, but it has been replaced by new threats to our national security. Technology, is inexorably advancing, creating both dangers and opportunities for the main actors. This paper analyzes the future role of nuclear weapons in national and international security, describes the roles and limitations of advanced conventional weapons in meeting strategic needs, and suggests several alternate scenarios for future nuclear forces. References: Arbman, Gunnar and Thornton, Charles. Russia’s Tactical Nuclear Weapons. Stockholm: Swedish Defense Research Agency. Bernstein, Paul and Caves, John Jr. The Future Nuclear Landscape. Washington D.C.: Center for the Study of Weapons of Mass Destruction, 2007. Biddle, Stephen and Feaver, Peter. Battlefi eld Nuclear Weapons: Issues and Options. Boston: University Press of America, 1989. Brown, Harold. Thinking about National Security: Defense and Foreign Policy in a Dangerous World. Boulder: Westview Press, 1983. Bunn, Elaine. Can Deterrence be Tailored? Washington D.C.: National Defense University, 2008. Cerami, Joseph. Defensive Use of Tactical Nuclear Weapons. Washington D.C.: RAND Corporation, 1982. Cirincione, Joseph. Bomb Scare: The History and Future of Nuclear Weapons. New York: Columbia University Press, 2007. De Santana, Anne Harrington. Nuclear Weapons as the Currency of Power. Monterey: Monterey Institute of Intenational Studies, 2009. Drell, Sidney and Goodby, James. What Are Nuclear Weapons For? Recommendations for Restructuring U.S. Strategic Nuclear Forces. Washington D.C.: Arms Control Association, 2005. Halperin, Mortin. Nuclear Fallacy: Dispelling the Myth of Nuclear Strategy. Cambridge: Ballinger, 1987. Khalilzad, Zalmay, et al. The U.S. and a Rising China: Strategic and Military Implications. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation, 1999. Oelrich, Ivan. Missions for the Nuclear Weapons after the Cold War. Washington D.C.: Federation of American Scientists, 2008. Podvig, Pavel. Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces in the Next Decade. Boston: Stanford University Press, 2001. Shalom, Zaki. Israel’s Nuclear Option: Behind the Scenes Diplomacy between Dimona and Washington. Portland: Sussex Academic Press, 2005. Wagner, Christian. Die indisch-chinesischen Beziehungen, in Ernst Reiter, ed. Jahrbuch für internationale Sicherheitspolitik, 2002, Vol. 2, Hamburg: Mittler&Sohn. Wisotzki, Simone. Nuclear Weapons Policy in Britain and France: Strategic Thinking and Disarmament, Bern: International Relations and Security Network, 2004. Younger, Stephen M. Nuclear Weapons in the Twenty-First Century. Associate Laboratory Director for Nuclear Weapons, Los Alamos National Laboratory, June 2000.
State, territory and borders through the prism of political realism
This article makes an overview of the 250 years’ shift in the classical geopolitical thought, the way space is framed within this paradigm and the impact on the state and its essential elements: sovereignty, territory and borders. Several stages of the development of the scholarly research, which are actually involved in a more or less open dialogue with one another, are explored through an approach, called historical cartography. The conceptual framework relates to International Relations theory, and more specifically –political Realism, as defined in Hans Morgenthau’s six postulates. The structure of the argumentation sets out at the more primitive and deterministic perceptions of state territory as a living organism, fighting for survival, goes through the drive for domination and the expansionist aspirations for large spaces, and arrives at the final destination – extreme political dogmas for a hegemonic world order. The conclusions attempt at finding some rationality in this evolution and at clarifying the reasons why sometimes revolutionary turns do happen. References: Batakliev, Ivan. Geografskoto edinstvo na balgarskite zemi. Izvestia na balgarskoto geografsko druzhestvo, 9, [1941]. Prepech. v: Voenen zhurnal, 1999, No 5, 114–120. Genov, Georgi P. Edna tazhna desetgodishnina. Nyoyskiyat miren dogovor. V: Narodnostna darzhava i mezhdunarodno pravo. [Rechi, studii i statii]. Sofia: UI Sv. Kl. Ohridski, 2012, 96–134. Dronchilov, Krum. Politicheskata granitsa. God. SU. Ist.-filolog. fak., 21, 1925, 1-24. Prepech. v: Voenen zhurnal, 1999, No 2, 120–130. Ishirkov, Anastas. Politichesko-geografsko shvashtane za darzhavata. Nauchen pregled, 1929, No 1, 56–61. Prepech. v: Voenen zhurnal, 1999, No 1, 123–125. Karastoyanov, Stefan. Politicheska geografia, geopolitika, geostrategia: Istoria, teoria, praktika. 3. osn. prerab. izd. Sofia.: UI. Sv. Kl. Ohridski, 2008, 292 s. Kisindzhar, Henri. Svetoven red. Sofia: Trud, 2015. Makinder, Halford. Geografskata os na istoriyata. Voenen zhurnal, 2, 1998, No 2, 102–112. (Prev. ot angl. na doklada v Geographical Journal, London, 1904, No 23). Rattsel, Fridrih. Zavisimostta mezhdu zemyata i darzhavata. Voenen zhurnal, CIX, 2002, No 2, 134–141. (Prev. ot nem.). Rusev, Marin. „Mitteleuropa“ i golemite prostranstva: Geopoliticheski izmerenia na kontinentalnoto yadro: 2. Politicheska organizatsia na Mitteleuropa – traditsia, savremennost i perspektivi geopoliticheska postanovka. God. SU. Geologo-geogr. fak., 94, 2002, Kniga 2 – Geografia, 14–15. Trubetskoy, Nikolay. Za turanskia element v ruskata kultura. Voenen zhurnal, 1998, No 4, 115–122. Trubetskoy, Nikolay. Obshtoevraziyskiyat natsionalizam. Voenen zhurnal, 1998, No 6, 116–121. Haushofer, Karl. Geopoliticheska dinamika na meridianite i paralelite. Voenen zhurnal, br. 1998, No 5, 104–106. Shmit, Karl. Ponyatieto za politicheskoto. Sofia: UI Sv. Kl. Ohridski, 2008. Axtmann, Roland. Humanity or Enmity? Carl Schmitt on International Politics. International Politics, 44, 2007, 531–551. Bassin, Mark, Glebov, Sergey, Laruelle, Marlene, eds. Between Europe and Asia: The Origins, Theories, and Legacies of Russian Eurasianism. Pittsburg PA: University of Pittsburg Press (online copyrighted material), 2015. Black, Bruce. The Legacy of Mahan for the 21st Century. USAWC (U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, Carlisle, PA, Strategy Research Project, 2006, 6–7), available from: [suspicious link removed] Boria, Еdoardo. Representing the Politics of Borders: Unorthodox Maps in Reclus, Mackinder and Others. Geopolitics, 2015, Vol. 20, p. 151. Bowman, Isaiah. Geography vs. Geopolitics. Geographical Review, 1942, Vol. 32, No. 4, 646–658. Diner, Dan. Knowledge of expansion on the geopolitics of Karl Haushofer. Geopolitics, 4:3, 1999. Gray, Colin S. Nicholas John Spykman, the Balance of Power, and International Order. Journal of Strategic Studies, 38:6, 2015. Hagan, Charles. B. Geopolitics. The Journal of Politics, 1942, Vol. 4, No. 4 (Nov), 478–480. Haggman, Bertil. Rudolf Kjellén and Modern Swedish Geopolitics. Geopolitics, 3:2, 1998. Hartshorne, Richard. The Nature of Geography: A Critical Survey of Current Thought in the Light of the Past. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 1933, Vol. 29, No 3, 220–223. Herwig, Holger H. Geopolitik: Haushofer, Hitler and lebensraum. Journal of Strategic Studies, 22:2–3, 1999, 218–241. Heske, Henning. Karl Haushofer: His Role in German Geopolitics and in Nazi Politics. Political Geography Quarterly, April, 1987, Vol. 6, No 2, 135–144. Holdar, Sven. Political geographers of the past: The ideal state and the power of geography. The life-work of Rudolf Kjellén. Political Geography, 1992, Vol. 11, No 3. Ishboldin, Boris. The Eurasian Movement. The Russian Review, 1946, Vol. 5, No 2. Koskenniemi, Martti. International Law as Political Theology. How to read the Nomos der Erde? Forum Historia Iuris. 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The critical reading/writing of geopolitics: Re-reading/writing Wittfogel, Bowman and Lacoste. Progress in Human Geography, 18, 3, 1994. Palaver, Wolfgang. Carl Schmitt on Nomos and Space. Telos, 1996, No 21. Pantev, Plamen. The Fluid Nature of Smallness: Regulation of the International System and the Challenges and Opportunities of Small States. In: Steinmetz, Robert, Wivel, Anders. Small States in Europe: Challenges and Opportunities. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing, 2010. Ratzel, Friedrich. Intellectual, Political, and Economic Effects of Large Areas. Studies in Political Areas. American Journal of Sociology, 1897, Vol. 3, No 3. (Translated in English). Ratzel, Friedrich. Lebensraum. In: Politische Geographie. 3rd ed. Munich and Berlin, 1923. Reclus, Elisée. Anarchy, Geography, Modernity: The Radical Social Thought of Elisée Reclus. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2004. (Preface by Ed. John P. Clark & Camille Martin). Riasanovsky, Nicholas V., N. S. Prince. Trubetskoy‘s „Europe and Mankind“. Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, Neue Folge, Bd. 12, H. 2, 1964. Schmitt, Carl. Der Nomos der Erde im Völkerrecht des Jus Publicum Europaeum. 1950. (Шмит, Карл. Новият номос на Земята. Геополитика, 2006, No 1, 2006. (Прев. от рус.). Schmitt, Carl. Dialogues on Power and Space. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2015, [1954/1958]. Schmitt, Carl. Interrogation of Carl Schmitt by Robert Kempner (I). Telos, 1987, Vol. 72. Shlapentokh, Dmitry V. Eurasianism. Past and Present. Commmist and Post-Communist Studies, 1997, Vol. 30, No 2. Sloan, Geoffrey. Sir Halford J. Mackinder: The Heartland theory then and now. Journal of Strategic Studies, 22:2–3, 1999. Smith, Woodruff. Friedrich Ratzel and the Origins of Lebensraum. German Studies Review, 1980, Vol. 3, No 1. Spykman, Nicholas J. Frontiers, Security, and International Organization. Geographical Review, 1942, Vol. 32, No 3 (Jul.). Spykman, Nicholas J. Geography and Foreign Policy, II. The American Political Science Review, 1938, Vol. 32, No 2 (Apr). Spykman, Nicholas J., Rollins, Abbie A. Geographic Objectives in Foreign Policy, I. The American Political Science Review, 1939, Vol. 33, No 3 (Jun.). Sumida, Jon Tetsuro. Alfred Thayer Mahan, Geopolitician. Journal of Strategic Studies, 22: 2–3, 1999. Tunander, Ola. Swedish-German geopolitics for a new century: Rudolf Kjellén‘s ‘The State as a Living Organism’. Review of International Studies, 27, 2001.
Restricting the powers of the European Commission and national competition authorities to enforce european antitrust prohibitions in the light of the protection of fundamental rights and freedoms in the EU
This paper explores the complex interaction between the EU competition law and the system of protection of fundamental rights and freedoms established in the Union. A special focus is done on the constraints on competition law enforcement (at Union and national level) in the context of the procedural rights and safeguards, guaranteed to the undertakings by the Charter of Fundamental Rights, the European Convention of Human Rights and the practice of the Court of Justice of the European Union. Nowadays, this subject is even more relevant in the light of recent legal amendments and the adoption of the new Directive 2019/1 of Council and Parliament on harmonization of some aspects of national procedural rules, aimed to increase the effectiveness of the prohibitions under Art. 101 and Art. 102 TFEU.
The international legal personality of the European Union
Abstract: Following the revision made by the Treaty of Lisbon, which entered into force in 2009, the European Union replaced the European Community and became its successor, and Article 47 TEU expressly conferred legal personality to the Union. In this sense, the issue of the EU’s single legal personality ensuing directly from a treaty was resolved 10 years ago. However, the relevance of the topic of legal personality under public international law has remained. The present study aims at achieving a theoretical overview of the problem of the international legal personality of international organizations, not only because this personality reveals certain specificities, but also because of the disposition to perceive the European Union as a structure that, in some aspects, is similar to an international organization. By analysing the legal personality of the Union against the background of this quality of international organizations, it is confirmed that the international legal status of the EU is precisely between a state and a classical international organization. It is established that the European Union is a sui generis formation. This feature also manifests itself in the way the issue of the EU international legal personality has been settled. The methodology used in the study relies thoroughly on the summary and analysis of different academic opinions in the specialized scientifi c literature. In such a way, the research demonstrates the scope of the debate in the doctrine on the legal personality of the European Union and traces out its evolution. References: Vidin, Blagoy. Mezhdunarodno publichno pravo. Obshta chast. Sofia: Sofi-R, 1999. 320 s. Zhake, Zhan Pol. Institutsionno pravo na Evropeyskia sayuz. Sofia: Univ. izd. Sv. Kl. Ohridski, 2007. 624 s. Bogdadndy, Armin von. The Legal Case for Unity: The European Union as a Single Organization with a Single Legal System. Common Market Law Review, 36 – II, 1999, 887–910. Bogdadndy, Armin von, Nettesheim, Martin. Ex Pluribus Unum: The Fusion of the European Communities into the European Union. European Law Journal, 1996, 2, No 3, 267–289. Brownlie, Ian. Principles of Public International Law. 7th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. Curtin, D. M. The Constitutional Structure of the Union: A Europe of Bits and Pieces. Common Market Law Review, 1993, 17–69. Daillier, Patrick et al. Droit international public. 7th ed.. Paris: L. G. D. J., 2002. Dumitriu, Eugenia. La personnalité juridique internationale de l’Union européenne. Dans: La souveraineté au XXIe siècle. (Ed. par Balmelli, Tiziano, Borghi, Alvaro, Hildbrand, Pierre-Antoine). Editions interuniversitaires Suisse, 2003, 259–284. Eaton, M. R. Common Foreign and Security Policy. In: Legal Issues of the Maastricht Treaty. (Ed. by O’Keeffe, D. and Twomey, P.). London: Wiley Chancery Law, 1994, 215–226. Eeckhout, Piet. External Relations of the European Union. Legal and Constitutional Foundations. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. Everling, U. Refl ections on the Structure of the European Union. Common Market Law Review, 1992, 1053–1077. Gaja, Giorgio (Special Rapporteur). Eighth Report on Responsibility of International Organizations. UN Doc. A/CN.4/640, 14.03.2011. Available from: http://legal.un.org/docs/?path=../ilc/documentation/english/a_cn4_640.pdf&lang=ESX Gautron, Jean-Claude. L’Union europeenne et le concept d’organisation internationale. Dans: L’Union europeenne et les organisations internationales. Bruxelles: Bruylant, 1997. Greig, Donald W. International Law. 2nd ed. London: Butterworths, 1976. Hardy De Beaulieu, Louis. L’Union européenne à l’étude de l’ordre juridique et des institutions communautaires. Belgique: Presses Universitaires de Namur, 1998. Herrmann, Christoph W. Much Ado About Pluto? The ‘Unity of the Legal Order of the European Union’ Revisited. EUI Working Papers RSCAS 2007/05. Florence: European University Institute, 2007. Kelsen, Hans. General Theory of Law and State. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1949. Available from: https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275060/page/n127 Klabbers, Jan. The Concept of Legal Personality. Ius Gentium. Legal Personality. Journal of the University of Baltimore Center for International and Comparative Law, 11, Spring 2005, 35–66. Klabbers, Jan. An Introduction to International Institutional Law. Cambridge University Press, 2002. Klabbers, Jan. Presumptive Personality: The European Union in International Law. In: International Law Aspects of the European Union. (Ed. by Koskenniemi, Martti). The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1998, 231–253. Leal–Arcas, Rafael. EU Legal Personality in Foreign Policy? Bepress Legal Series. Paper 1754, 2006. Available from: https://law.bepress.com/expresso/eps/1754/ Macleod, I., Hendry, I. D., Hyett, S. The External Relations of the European Communities. London: Clarendron, 1996. Malanczuk, Peter. Akehurst’s Modern Introduction to International Law. 7th revised ed. London, etc.: Routledge, 1997. Marchisio, Sergio. EU’s Membership in International Organizations. In: The European Union as an Actor in International Relations. (Ed. by Cannizzaro, Enzo). The Hague, etc.: Kluwer Law International, 2002. Mathijsen, P. S. R. F. A Guide to European Union Law. London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1995. Neuwahl, Nanette. Legal Personality of the European Union – International and Institutional Aspects. In: The European Union and the International Legal Order: Discord or Harmony. (Ed. by Kronenberger, Vincent). The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2001, 3–23. Neuwahl, Nanette. A Partner with a Troubled Personality: EU Treaty-Making in Matters of CFSP and JHA after Amsterdam. European Foreign Affairs Review, 1998, 3, No 2, 177–195. Paasivirta, Esa. The European Union: From an Aggregate of States to a Legal Person? The Hofstra Law & Policy Symposium, 2, 1997, 37–59. Pliakos, Astéris. La nature juridique de l’Union européenne. Dans: Revue trimestrielle de droit européen, Paris: Sirey, Vol. 29, 1993, 187– 224. Ruiter, Dick W. P. Legal Institutions. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000. Schermers, Henry G., Blokker, Niels M. International Institutional Law. Unity Within Diversity. 4th revised ed. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2003. Schoutheete, Philippe de, Andoura, Sami. The Legal Personality of the European Union. Studia Diplomatica, 2007, 60, No. 1, 1–9. Available from: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/5081654.pdf Sellers, M. N. S. International Legal Personality. Ius Gentium. Legal Personality. Journal of the University of Baltimore Center for International and Comparative Law, 11, Spring 2005, 67–78. Seyersted, Finn. Objective International Personality of Intergovernmental Organizations: Do Their Capacities Really Depend on the Conventions Establishing Them? S.l., 1963. Wessel, Ramses A. Revisiting the International Legal Status of the EU. European Foreign Affairs Review, 5, 2000, 507–537. Wessel, Ramses A. The Inside Looking Out: Consistency and Delimitation in EU External Relations. Common Market Law Review, 2000, 37, No 5, 1135–1171. Zwaan, Jaap W de. The Legal Personality of the European Communities and the European Union. Netherlands Yearbook of International Law, 30, 1999, 75–113.
Competence of the European Union in the energy sector
The present study explores the dynamics of European union’s competence in a very specific area of the economy, strongly dominated by national interests, which is energy. Energy policy has always been seen as a kind of paradox of the European integration process, insofar as two of the three founding treaties, signed in the 1950s, aimed an integration in energy sectors, but, even today, it is difficult to accept unequivocally, that the Union has an effective energy policy. There are several reasons for this. First, the initial lack of general competence of the European Community, today the EU, in relation to the energy sector did not allow the latter to build a comprehensive, coherent, and complete energy policy. This normative gap forces institutions to use other legal instruments to regulate public relations in this industry. A method which of course has its drawbacks and limits. The Lisbon revision of the founding treaties introduced a significant change in this respect, providing explicit competence of the Union in the field of energy, as well as providing it a specific article that would serve as a legal basis for the activities in the sector undertaken by the EU institutions. However, the analysis of this new regulation reveals that, despite the indisputable progress that has been made over the years, the European Union still cannot boast an effective energy policy and guarantee its energy independence. The leading role of the Member States on key energy issues remains. The envisaged primary legal framework reveals several weaknesses and gaps, key among which are the lack of explicit external competence and the subordination of energy policy in relation to other Union policies. References: I. Monografii, uchebnitsi, izsledvania na evropeyski institutsii Gotron, Zhan-Klod. Evropeysko pravo. Sofia: Universitetsko izdatelstvo „Sv. Kliment Ohridski“, 2006. Hristev, Hristo, Vatreshen pazar i osnovni svobodi na dvizhenie v pravoto na Evropeyskia sayuz. Sofia: Siela, 2018. Barnard, Catherine. The Substantive Law of the EU: The Four Freedoms. Oxford: Oxford University press, 2016. Blumann, Claude, Louis Dubouis. Droit matériel de l’Union européenne. Paris: Montchrestien, 5e éd., 2009. Bouzarovski, Stefan, Harriet Thomson, Marine Cornelis, Anais Varo, Rachel Guyet. Towards an inclusive energy transition in the European Union: Confronting energy poverty amidst a global crisis. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2020. Cenevska, Ilina. The European Atomic Energy Community in the European Union Context; The Outsider Within. Leiden: Brill Nijhoff, 2016. Derdevet, Michel. L’Europe en panne d’énergie. Paris: Descartes et Cie, 2009. Droutman, Lawrence. Nuclear Integration: The failure of Euratom. Columbia University press, 1973. Isidoro, Cécile. L’ouverture du marché de l’éléctricité à la concurrence communautaire. Paris: L.G.D.J. 2006. Jones, Christopher, William-James Kettlewell. EU Energy law. Volume I. The internal energy market, Deventer: Claeys and Casteels Law Publishers, 2021. Langlet, David, Said Mahmoudi. EU Environmental law and policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. Monnet, Jean. Memoirs. New York: Doubleday and Company, 1978. Simon, Denis. Le système juridique communautaire. Paris: PUF, 2 ed. 1998. Sodersten, Anna. Euratom at the crossroads. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 2018. Talus, Kim. EU energy law and policy: A critical account. Oxford: Oxford University press, 2013. II. Studii, statii, glavi ot knigi, working papers Gotron, Zhan-Klod. Pravna sistema na ES – Obshta harakteristika. V: Zapiski po pravo na Evropeyskia sayuz. Sbornik lektsii ot mezhdunarodna magistarska programa „Pravo na Evropeyskia sayuz“. T. 1, Semov, Atanas, Hristo Hristev (sast.). Sofia: Universitetsko izdatelstvo „Sv. Kliment Ohridski“, 2009. Zhake, Zhan-Pol. Lisabonskiyat dogovor. – V: Dogovorat ot Lisabon. Konsolidirani tekstove i komentari. Semov, Atanas, Hristo Hristev, Hristo (red.). Sofia: Universitetsko izdatelstvo „Sv. Kliment Ohridski“, 2012. Berger, Françoise. La CECA et la question de l’énergie. – In: Beltran, Alain (dir.). État et énergie XIXe-XXe siècle. Vincennes: Institut de la gestion publique et du développement économique, 2009. Blumann, Claude. Énergie et Communautés européennes. – Revue trimestrielle de droit européen, 1984, № 4. Blumann, Claude. L’impact de la crise de Tchernobyl sur la politique communautaire de l’énergie. RTDE, 1989 s. 7. Brosset, Estelle, Sandrine Maljean-Dubois. The Paris Agreement, EU Climate Law and the Energy Union. – In: Peeters, Marjan, Mariolina Eliantonio (eds.). Research Handbook on EU Environmental Law. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2020. Craig, Paul. Institutions, power, and institutional balance. – In Craig, Paul, Grainne De Burca (eds.) The Evolution of EU law. 3th ed. Oxford: Oxford University press, 2021. Hancher, Leigh, Salerno, Francesco Maria. Energy policy after Lisbon. – In: Biondi, Andrea, Piet Eeckhout, Stefanie Ripley (eds.). EU Law after Lisbon. Oxford: Oxford University press, 2012. Jaeger, Carlo, Diana Manalagiu, Jonas Teitge. EU Investment in Energy Supply for Europe. – In: Cerniglia, Floriana, Francesco Saraceno, Andrew Watt (eds.). The Great Reset: 2021 European Public Investment Outlook. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2021. Kovar, Robert. « Article 100 » Comm. CEE. p. 549, № 1. Pirani, Simon, Stern, Jonathan, Katja Yafimava. The Russo-Ukrainian gas dispute of January 2009: a comprehensive assessment, Working paper, Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, February 2009, available on https://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/NG27-TheRussoUkrainianGasDisputeofJanuary2009AComprehensiveAssessment-JonathanSternSimonPiraniKatjaYafimava–2009.pdf Schurr, Sam H. Economic Aspects of Atomic Energy as a Source of Power. – The American Economic Review, vol. 37, № 2, 1947. Smil, Vaclav. Energy in the Twentieth Century: Resources, Conversions, Costs, Uses and Consequences. – Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, Vol. 25, 2000. Thaler, Philipp, Benjamin Hofmann. The impossible energy trinity: Energy security, sustainability, and sovereignty in cross-border electricity systems. – Political Geography, Volume 94, 2022 available on https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0962629821002390 Talus, Kim, Pami Aalto. Competence in EU energy policy. – In: Leal-Arcas, Rafael, Jan Wouters (eds.). – Research handbook on EU Energy Law and Policy, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2017. Vignes, Daniel. « Article 100 ». – Comm. Mégret, vol. 5, 1er éd. Weatherill, Stephen. The Fundamental Question of Minimum or Maximum Harmonisation. – In: Garben, Sacha and Inge Govaere (eds.). The Internal Market 2.0, Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2020. Zeitlin, Jonathan, Francesco Nicoli, Brigid Laffan. Introduction: The European Union beyond the polycrisis? Integration and politization in an age oof shifting cleavages. – In: Zeitlin, Jonathan, Francesco Nicoli (eds.) The European Union beyond the polycrisis? New York: Routledge, 2021. III. Aktove na vtorichnoto pravo na ES III.1. Reglamenti Reglament (ES) № 347/2013 na Evropeyskia parlament i na Saveta ot 17 april 2013 godina otnosno ukazania za transevropeyskata energiyna infrastruktura i za otmyana na Reshenie № 1364/2006/EO, kakto i za izmenenie na reglamenti (EO) № 713/2009, (EO) № 714/2009 i (EO) № 715/2009 tekst ot znachenie za EIP, OB L 115, 25.4.2013g. Predlozhenie za Reglament na Evropeyskia parlament i na Saveta za ustanovyavane na ramkata za postigane na neutralnost po otnoshenie na klimata i za izmenenie na Reglament (ES) 2018/1999 (Evropeyski zakonodatelen akt za klimata), COM/2020/80 final. III.2. Direktivi Directive 90/377/CEE du Conseil, du 29 juin 1990, instaurant une procédure communautaire assurant la transparence des prix au consommateur final industriel de gaz et d’électricité, JO L 185, 17.7.1990. Council Directive 90/547/EEC of 29 October 1990 on the transit of electricity through transmission grids Official Journal L 313, 13/11/1990 P. 0030 – 0033. Council Directive 91/296/EEC of 31 May 1991 on the transit of natural gas through grids, OB L 147, 12.6.1991g. Direktiva 94/22/EO na Evropeyskia parlament i na Saveta ot 30 may 1994 godina otnosno predostavyane i polzvane na razreshenia za prouchvane, izsledvane i proizvodstvo na vaglevodorodi OB L 164, 30.6.1994g. Directive 96/92/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 December 1996 concerning common rules for the internal market in electricity, OB L 27, 30.1.1997 g. Directive 98/30/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil, du 22/06/1998, concernant des règles communes pour le marché intérieur du gaz naturel. JO L 204, 21.7.1998. Direktiva 2001/77/EO na Evropeyskia parlament i na Saveta ot 27 septemvri 2001 godina otnosno nasarchavane na proizvodstvoto i potreblenieto na elektroenergia ot vazobnovyaemi energiyni iztochnitsi na vatreshnia elektroenergien pazar OB L 283, 27.10.2001 g. Direktiva 2003/30/EO na Evropeyskia parlament i na Saveta ot 8 may 2003 godina otnosno nasarchavaneto na izpolzvaneto na biogoriva i drugi vazobnovyaemi goriva za transport, OJ L 123, 17.5.2003. Direktiva 2004/8/EO na Evropeyskia parlament i na Saveta ot 11 fevruari 2004 godina otnosno nasarchavane na kombiniranoto proizvodstvo na energia, osnovavashto se na tarseneto na polezna toploenergia vav vatreshnia energien pazar i za izmenenie na Direktiva 92/42/EIO, OB L 52, 21.2.2004 g. Direktiva 2006/67/EO na Saveta ot 24 yuli 2006 godina otnosno nalaganeto na zadalzhenie na darzhavite-chlenki da poddarzhat minimalni zapasi ot surov petrol i/ili petrolni produkti (kodifitsirana versia) Tekst ot znachenie za EIP. OB L 217, 8.8.2006 g. Direktiva 2009/28/EO na Evropeyskia parlament i na Saveta ot 23 april 2009 godina za nasarchavane izpolzvaneto na energia ot vazobnovyaemi iztochnitsi i za izmenenie i vposledstvie za otmyana na direktivi 2001/77/EO i 2003/30/EO (Tekst ot znachenie za EIP) OB L 140, 5.6.2009 g. Direktiva 2012/27/ES na Evropeyskia parlament i na Saveta ot 25 oktomvri 2012 godina otnosno energiynata efektivnost, za izmenenie na direktivi 2009/125/ EO i 2010/30/ES i za otmyana na direktivi 2004/8/EO i 2006/32/EO tekst ot znachenie za EIP, OB L 315, 14.11.2012 g. Direktiva (ES) 2018/2001 na Evropeyskia parlament i na Saveta ot 11 dekemvri 2018 godina za nasarchavane izpolzvaneto na energia ot vazobnovyaemi iztochnitsi (Tekst ot znachenie za EIP.) OB L 328, 21.12.2018 g. III.3. Reshenia Decision 93/500 du 13 oct. 1993, JOCE, № L 235 du 18 oct. 1993. Reshenie № 1364/2006/EO na Evropeyskia parlament i na Saveta ot 6 septemvri 2006 godina za opredelyane na nasokite za transevropeyskite energiyni mrezhi i za otmyana na Reshenie 96/391/EO i Reshenie № 1229/2003/EO, OB L 262, 22.9.2006 g. III.4. Atipichni aktove Première orientation pour une politique énergétique commune, Communication de la CE au Conseil, 18 décembre 1968. dostapna na http://aei.pitt.edu/33670/1/A204.pdf Communication de la Commission, „Les progrès nécessaires en matière de politique énergétique communautaire 1975–1985“, COM (72) 1201. Résolution du Conseil, du 17 septembre 1974, concernant la nouvelle stratégie de politique énergétique pour la Communauté, JO C 153 du 9.7.1975. Communication de la Commission, „The Development of an Energy Strategy for the Community“. COM (81) 540 final. Recommandation n°81/924/CEE du Conseil sur les structures tarifaires pour l’énergie électrique dans la Communauté, JOCE; № L 337, 24.11.1981. Résolution du Conseil du 16 septembre 1986 concernant de nouveaux objectifs de politique énergétique communautaires pour 1995 et la convergence des politiques des États membres JO C 241 du 25.9.1986. Commission working document “The internal energy market”. COM (88) 238 final. Pour une politique énergétique de l’Union européenne, Livre vert de la Commission, COM (94) 659, Bruxelles, 11.1.1995. Une politique de l’énergie pour l’Union européenne, Livre blanc de la Commission, COM (95) 682, Bruxelles, 13.12.1995. Communication de la Commission. Perspectives du marché intérieur du gaz et de l’électricité, COM (2006) 841 final, 10.01.2007. Une politique de l’énergie pour l’Europe. Communication de la Commission au conseil européen et au Parlement européen du 10 janvier 2007, COM (2007) 1 final. Conseil européen des 8/9 mars 2007, conclusions de la présidence № 7224/07 (CONCL 1), Bruxelles, 9 mars 2007. Saobshtenie na Komisiyata do Evropeyskia parlament, Saveta, Evropeyskia ikonomicheski i sotsialen komitet i komiteta na regionite. – Evropeyski zelen pakt. COM (2019) 640 final, 11.12.2019. Saobshtenie na Komisiyata do Evropeyskia parlament, Evropeyskia savet, Saveta, Evropeyskia ikonomicheski i sotsialen komitet i Komiteta na regionite, Nova promishlena strategia za Evropa, COM (2020) 102 final, 10.03.2020. Saobshtenie na Komisiyata do Evropeyskia parlament, Saveta, Evropeyskia ikonomicheski i sotsialen komitet i komiteta na regionite. – Tlasak za neutralnata po otnoshenie na klimata ikonomika: Strategia na ES za integratsia na energiynata sistema. COM (2020)299 final, 8.07.2020 g. IV. Sadebni reshenia SEO, Reshenie na Sada ot 16 yuli 1956, Fédération de chqrbin de Belgique , delo 8/55, ECLI:EU:C:1956:7. SEO, Reshenie ot 14 yuli 1961 g., Société commerciale Antoine Vloeberghs SA v High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community, saedineni dela 9/60 i 12/60, ECLI:EU:C:1961:18. SEO, Reshenie na Sada ot 31 mart 1971, Komisiyata s./ Saveta, delo 22/70, ECLI:EU:C:1971:32. SEO, Stanovishte na Sada ot 15 noemvri 1994g., 1/94, ECLI:EU:C:1994:384. SEO, Reshenie na Sada ot 27 april 1994, Commune d’Almelo e.a., delo S–393/92, ECLI:EU:C:1994:171. SEO, Opredelenie na Sada ot 13 yanuari 1995g., Bonnamy, delo S–264/94, ECLI:EU:C:1995:5. SEO, Reshenie na Sada ot 5 noemvri 2002 g., Commission / Danemark, Suède, Finlande e.a. (Open sky), saedineni dela C–467 – 478/98, ECLI:EU:C:2002:625. SEO, Reshenie na Sada (Golyam sastav) ot 12 yuli 2005g., The Queen, on the application of Alliance for Natural Health and Nutri-Link Ltd v Secretary of State for Health, delo S–154/04, ECLI:EU:C:2005:449.
This article examines the right to annual paid leave as element of the content of employment. The paper focuses on the hallmarks of the right to annual paid leave and the moment it arises. References: Balgarsko grazhdansko protsesualno pravo. 10. prerab. i dop. izd. Sofia: Siela, 2020. Gevrenova, Nina. Neobhodimo sadarzhanie na individualnia trudov dogovor. Sofia: Siela, 2021. Gevrenova, Nina. Pravilnikat za vatreshnia trudov red. Sofia: Sibi, 2007. Grazhdanski protsesualen kodeks. Prilozhen komentar. Problemi na pravoprilaganeto. Analiz na sadebnata praktika. 2. prerab. i dop. izd. Sofia: Trud i pravo, 2017. Kolev, Tencho. Teoria na pravoto. Sofia: Siela, 2015. Mrachkov, Vasil, Krasimira Sredkova, Atanas Vasilev, Emil Mingov. Komentar na kodeksa na truda. 13. prerab. i dop. izd. Sofia: Sibi, 2021. Mrachkov, Vasil. Subektivno pravo i subektivni trudovi prava. Sofia: Sibi, 2017. Mrachkov, Vasil. Trudovo pravo. 10. prerab. i dop. izd. Sofia: Sibi, 2018. Pavlova, Maria. Grazhdansko pravo. Obshta chast. 2. prerab. i dop. izd. Sofia: Sofi-R, 2002. Ruschev, Ivan. Pritezatelnoto subektivno pravo. Pretentsiyata, pritezanieto i pravoto na isk. – V: Sbornik v pamet na prof. d-r Zhivko Stalev. Sofia: Siela, 2009. Sredkova, Krasimira. Trudovo pravo. Spetsialna chast. D. 1. Individualno trudovo pravo. Sofia: Universitetsko izdatelstvo „Sv. Kliment Ohridski“, 2011. Tadzher, Vitali. Grazhdansko pravo na NRB. Obshta chast. D. 1. 2. izd. Sofia: Sofi-R, 2001. Tashev, Rosen. Obshta teoria na pravoto. Osnovni pravni ponyatia. 4. prerab. i dop. izd. Sofia: Sibi, 2010.
Defining the field of application of the EU law
The problem of determination of the field of application of EU law is of a big theoretical and practical importance. It directly and entirely determines the invocation of all EU acts including the Charter of fundamental rights of the EU. The problem is also connected to the terminological difference between “implementation” and “field of application” (or “scope of”). In order to be able to correctly define whether an internal situation falls in the scope of EU law (with all consequences, established in the same EU law) we need to establish a system of criteria. Achieving a clear view on the matter is only possible on the ground through the analysis of the EU Court of Justice jurisprudence. References: Semov, Atanas. Osobenosti na rolyata na generalnia advokat v Sada na ES. www.eu.bg. Semov, Atanas. Pravna Sistema na ES. Fundamentalna doktrina za evropeyskata integratsia. Iztochnitsi na Pravoto na ES. Printsipi na prilagane na Pravoto na ES. Sofia: Univ. izd. Sv. Kl. Ohridski, Inst. po Evropeysko pravo, 2017. 640 s. Semov, Atanas. Preyuditsialno zapitvane. (Proizvodstvoto za preyuditsialni zapitvania kato garant za dobro pravosadie i za realizatsia na osnovnoto pravo na grazhdanite na dostap do sad. Izvodi za rolyata na natsionalnite yurisdiktsii v aktualnata praktika na SES). Obshtestvo i pravo, 2016, No 3, 3–21; No 4, 3–19. Semov, Atanas. Savremenno mezhdunarodno pravorazdavane. T. II. Sadat na Evropeyskia sayuz. S., Institut po mezhdunarodno pravo, Institut po evropeysko pravo, 2011. 536 s. (Bibliogr.: 433–470). Semov, Atanas. Savremenno mezhdunarodno pravorazdavane. Izmeneniyata v pravnata uredba na sadebnata sistema na ES sled Lisabonskia dogovor. [Prilozhenie kam t. II. Sadat na Evropeyskia sayuz]. Sofia: Institut po mezhdunarodno pravo, Institut po evropeysko pravo, 2013. 140 s. Semov, Atanas. Fundamentalnata doktrina za evropeyskata integratsia. (Osnovni osobenosti na sayuznia praven red spored Stanovishte 2/13 na Sada na ES. Osnovni printsipi na sayuznata pravna konstruktsia spored DES i praktikata na SES). Obshtestvo i pravo, 2016, No 8, 52–70; No 9, 56–75. Aronsson, Elisabeth, Dawody, Hevi, Österdahl, Magnus. Case C-399/11, Melloni v. Ministerio Fiscal, 22. 5. 2013. EU Constitutional Law, https://eulaworebro.wordpress.com/author/eulaworebro. Carabot, Myriam Benlolo. Mandat d’arrêt européen (Décision-cadre 2002/584/JAI): La protection des droits fondamentaux, oui... mais subordonnée aux exigences de la primauté du droit de l’Union européenne. La Revue des Droits de l’Homme, 22 mars 2013, http://revdh.org/tag/article-6-du-traite-sur-lunion-europeenne-ue Danwitz, Thomas Von, Paraschast, K. A Fresh Start for the Charter: Fundamental Questions on the Application of the European Charter of Fundamental Rights. Fordham International Law Journal, 35/2012, р. 1403−1413. Delgado, Laura. Mise en oeuvre du droit de l’Union et principe ne bis idem ...précisions jurisprudentielles sur l’applicabilité de la Charte des droits fondamentaux. ELSJ, Réseau universitaire européen. Droits fondamentaux, 11. 3. 2013, mise-en-oeuvre-du-droit-de-lunion-et-principe-ne-bis-in-rem-precisions-jurisprudentielles-sur-lapplicabilite-de-la-charte-des-droits-fondamentaux. EU litigation comment. Case C-206/13 Siragusa: the Scope of the Charter of Fundamental Rights, Preliminary References and National Law. EU litigation, https://eulitigationblog.com/2014/03/13/case-c-20613-siragusa-the-scope-of-the-charter-of-fundamental-rights-preliminary-references-and-national-law/ Hagenau-Moizard, Catherine. Identité constitutionnelle et mandate d’arrêt européen: l’exploitation de la jurisprudence Melloni par la Cour constitutionnelle allemande. Revue Europe, LexisNexis, Jurisclasseur, Mars 2016. Johansson, Thomas, NystrÖM, Lisa, Sandgren, Julia. Willems, Joined Cases C-446/12 – C-449/12, of 16 April 2015. EU Constitutional Law, eulaworebro, 29. 5. 2015, https://eulaworebro.wordpress.com/2015/05/29/willems-joined-cases-c-44612-c-44912-of-16-april-2015 Karlsson, Ida, Enmalm, Petra, Doum, Amandine. Åklagaren v. Hans Åkerberg Fransson. Case C-617/10 of 26 February 2013, April 26, 2013, https://eulaworebro.wordpress.com/2013/04/26/aklagaren-v-hans-akerberg-fransson-case-c-61710-of-26-february-2013/ Kirchhof, Paul. Die Kooperation zwischen Bundesverfassungsgericht und Europäischem Gerichtshof: Addierung oder Optimierung des Grundrechtsschutzes? In: Festschrift für Roman Herzog (2009), p. 155. Knoock, Allard. The Court, The Charter and the vertical division of powers in the European Union. Common Market Law Review, No 42, 2005, p. 367–398 Kokott, Julianne, Sobotta, Christoph. The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union after Lisbon. European university institute, Academy of European law, AEL 2010/6, р. 1, www.eui.eu Kyriazis, Dimitrios. When does the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights apply? The case of Fransson and why we should care. Oxford Human Rights Hub, 16. 11. 2013. Labayle, Henri. Mandat d’arrêt européen et degré de protection des droits fondamentaux, quand la confi ance se fait aveugl. ELSJ, Réseau universitaire européen, Droits fondamentaux, 3. 3. 2013, http://www.gdr-elsj.eu/2013/03/03/cooperation-judiciaire-penale/mandat-darret-europeen-et-degre-de-protection-des-droits-fondamentaux-quand-la-confiance-se-fait-aveugle/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=mandat-darret-europe Letteron, Roseline. Liberté, Libertés chéries, http://libertescheries.blogspot.bg/2013/03/la-charte-des-droits-fondamentaux-de.html Peers, Steve. Biometric data and data protection law: the CJEU loses the plot. ЕU Law Analysis, http://eulawanalysis.blogspot.bg/2015/04/biometric-data-and-data-protection-law.html Pirker, Benedikt. Case C-206/13 Siragusa: A further piece for the Åkerberg Fransson jigsaw puzzle. European law blog, 12. 3. 2014, http://europeanlawblog.eu/?p=2253 Platon, Sébastien. Applicabilité et inapplicabilité de la Charte des droits fondamentaux aux Etats: la ligne jurisprudentielle sinueuse de la Cour. Journal d’actualité de Droits européennes, 7.5.2014, http://jade.u-bordeaux.fr/?q=node/754 Platon, Sébastien. La Charte des droits fondamentaux et la « mise en œuvre » nationale du droit de l’Union: précisions de la Cour de justice sur le champ d’application de la Charte. RDLF 2013, chron. No 11. Rosas, Allan, Kaila, Heidi. Lapplication de la Charte des droits fondamentaux de lUnion européenne par la Cour de Justice : un premier bilan. Il Dritto dell`Unione Europea, 1/2011, p. 8. Rosas, Allan, Armati, L. EU Constitutional Law: An Introduction. 2nd rev ed. Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2012. Rosas, Allan. When is the EU Charter of Funfamental Rights Applicable at National Level? http://www.mruni.eu/lt/mokslo_darbai/jurisprudencija, Mykolas Romeris University, 2012, Jurisprudence, 2012, 19(4), p. 1269–1288. Safjan, Mаrek. Areas of Application of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union: Fields of confl ict? European university institute, Working paper LAW 2012/22, www.eui.eu, p. 4. Tiniere, Romain. Application de la Charte des droits fondamentaux de l’Union européenne. Chronique „Droits fondamentaux“, Annuaire de droit européen, 2011. Tizzano, Antonio. L’application de la Charte des droits fondamentaux à la lumière de son art. 51, § 1. Европейски правен преглед, т. 10, 10. 10. 2014, http://evropeiskipravenpregled.eu/lapplication-de-la-charte-de-droits-fondamentaux-dans-les-etats-membres-a-la-lumiere-de-son-article-51-paragraphe-1.
Action and reaction between EU law and bulgarian law in the application of Brussels I Recast Regulation
Bulgaria is participating at the judicial cooperation in civil matters with cross-border implications entailed currently in the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union for more than 10 years now. One of the most important instruments in this field is Regulation (EU) No 1215/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2012 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters (so called Brussels I Recast Regulation). This paper focuses on two aspects connected with the ratio personae of Brussels I Recast Regulation. The first one is devoted to the application of Brussels I Recast Regulation towards natural persons, depending to large extend on their domicile in an EU Member State. Unfortunately there is no definition of the “domicile” of natural persons contained in Brussels I Recast Regulation. This question is left to the Member States as envisaged in Article 62. At the same time there are some guidelines that can be drawn indirectly from the Regulation and from the previous instruments on the same matter. The Bulgarian case law determining the domicile of a natural persons under the Bulgarian standards but in sense of the Brussels I Recast Regulation is controversial. There are three different views of the Bulgarian Court of Cassation in this regard. This ambivalent understanding of the domicile creates uncertainty and unpredictability. This paper suggests way out of this conflicting situation proposing inter alia a possible request for preliminary ruling of ECJ. The second aspect is devoted to the possibility of lodging a claim against a third party in an action on a warranty or guarantee or in any other third-party proceedings in the court of the domicile of the main defendant in situations when the court is seized with the original proceedings. The legal frame is established in Article 8, point 2 of Brussels I Recast Regulation. The problem lies in a Bulgarian rule contained in Article 219, paragraph 2 of the Civil Procedural Code forbidding participation of a third party in main proceedings if this third party does not have permanent address in Bulgaria or lives abroad. This paper argues that the EU law prevails and allows accesses to the Bulgarian courts also in cases concerning third parties from EU Member States. The desired goal is overriding of a standing case law of the Bulgarian courts limiting the right of proceeding against third parties in cross-border cases. References: Museva, Boryana. Iz labirinta na mezhdunarodnata kompetentnost po grazhdanski i targovski dela. Yuridicheski svyat, 2006, No 2, 41–91. Natov, Nikolay, Museva, Boryana, Andreeva, Yasmina, Yordanski, Stanislav, Tsenova, Teodora, Sarbinova, Dafina, Pandov, Vasil, Yanakiev, Zahari, Bankov, Nikolay, Krumov, Tsvetan. Reglamentat „Bryuksel І“. Komentar. Sofia: Siela, 2012. 624 s. Natov, Nikolay, Museva, Boryana, Pandov, Vasil, Tsenova, Teodora, Sarbinova, Dafina, Yordanski, Stanislav, Tsanev, Emil, Stankov, Mihail. Reglamentat Bryuksel ІІA. Komentar. Sofia: Siela, 2014. 488 s. Popova, Valentina. Aktualni problemi na evropeyskia grazhdanski protses i chast VІІ na GPK. Sofia: Siela, 2011. 236 s. Stalev, Zhivko, Mingova, Anelia, Stamboliev, Ognyan, Popova, Valentina, Ivanova, Ruzha. Balgarsko grazhdansko protsesualno pravo. 9. prerab. i dop. izd. Sofia: Siela, 2012. 1320 s. Zlatareva, Margarita. Mezhdunaroden grazhdanski protses. Sofia: Siela, 2010. 300 s. (Bibliogr.: 297–298). Jenard, Paul. Bericht über dem Übereinkommen über die gerichtliche Zuständigkeit und die Vollstreckung gerichtlicher Entscheidungen in Zivil-und Handelssachen. OВ. C 59/1.
relationship between domestic law and EU law
Universal civil jurisdiction and forum necessitatis – do they have a standing as per the case – law of the European court of human rigths?
The right of fair trial as per art.6, para.1 of European Convention on Human Rights is understood to provide for access to court in civil claims and it is a general test for compliance of all grounds of international jurisdiction. Its application is dominated by the procedural character of the notion whereas the subject matter of the dispute has lesser value even in cases of infringement of jus cogens rules against torture. The case law of European Court of Human Rights as it stands leaves no room for so – called universal civil jurisdiction and invest states with significant margin of discretion in defining the characteristics of the link between the court and the claim. The general trend for self – restraint by states in the exercise of judicial powers, where the cases are only tenuously connected with the respective jurisdiction, is inherent in the application of the right to fair trial. Human rights victims could hope for future evolution in the field of international civil jurisdiction since the matter is dynamic and the jurisprudence of the ECtHR is also possible to evolve. References: Natov, Nikolay. Zaobikalyane na zakona v mezhdunarodnoto chastno pravo. BAMP. Trudove po mezhdunarodno pravo, tom V, Sofia, 2000. Natov, Nikolay, Yordanka Zidarova, Vasil Pandov, Boryana Museva, Stanislav Yordanski, Yasmina Andreeva, Dafina Sarbinova, Teodora Tsenova, Ivelin Kirchev. Mezhdunarodniyat dogovor – iztochnik na mezhdunarodnoto chastno pravo. Sofia: Siela, 2013, s. 251-263. Pandov, Vasil. Mezhdunarodna kompetentnost na sada po neobhodimost (Forum necessitatis). – Targovsko pravo, 2011, №1, 41-53. Pandov, Vasil. Mezhdunarodna kompetentnost po grazhdanski i targovski dela. Sofia: Siela, 2018, s. 184-205. Bonomi, Andrea, Patrick Wautelet. Le droit europeen des successions. Commentaire du Reglement No 650/2012 du 4 juillet 2012. Bruylant. Bruxelles, 2013, p. 28. Bucher, Andreas. La competence universelle civile. – RCADI, vol. 372, 2014, p. 21. Fawcett, James, Maire N. Shuilleabhain, Sangeeta Shah. Human Rights and Private International Law. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2016, 61-63. Fitzmaurice, Malgosia. Interpretation of the European Convention on Human Rights: Lessons from the Nait – Liman Case in Forlati, Serena, Pietro Franzina. Universal Civil Jurisdiction – Which Way Forward?. Brill/ Nijhoff, 2020, p. 56-73. Forlati, Serena, Pietro Franzina. Universal Civil Jurisdiction – Which Way Forward?. Brill/ Nijhoff, 2020. Hess, Burkhard, Marina Mantovani. Current Developments in Forum Access: Comments on Jurisdiction and Forum Non Conveniens in European Perspectives on Human Rights Litigation. MPILux Research Paper 2019 (1), accessed – https://ssrn.com/abstract=3325711 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3325711 Schill, A. Journal du Droit International (JDI), 2019, № 4, p. 1262.
case of Nait – Liman v. Switzerland of European Court of Human Rights
Protection of the fundamental rights in European Union law
Clarifying the context of development of the EU mechanism for protection of the fundamental rights until the binding effect of the Charter, the present study aims to examine what key provisions in the protection mechanism derive from the Charter and what main trends of evolution in this mechanism emerge in the first years of application of the Charter as a key element of the legal regime for the protection of fundamental rights in the European Union. The study examines the rulings derived by the Court of Justice on the scope of application of the Charter, the specific rules of interpretation set out therein, the distinction between the protection of genuine subjective rights and the rights-principles and the conditions for imposing limitations on fundamental rights. The research focuses on the outlined line of restrictive reading by the Court of Justice of some key provisions determining the application and the effectiveness of the legal regime for protection of fundamental rights in EU law, while defending the understanding that overcoming this „judicial policy“ on the evolution of the fundamental rights protection and the establishment of a high level of protection vis-à-vis of the national protection mechanisms and the international achievements is crucial for preserving the EU’s legitimacy in the eyes of citizens and for strengthening the Union as a community based on the rule of law. References: Benoa-Romer, Florans. Prava na choveka v Evropa i mehanizmi za tyahnata zashtita. – V: Zapiski po pravo na Evropeyskia sayuz. T. 1. Institutsionno pravo. Sofia: Univ. izd. Sv. Kliment Ohridski, 2009, s. 137-185. Anderson, David, Cian C. Murpy. The Charter of Fundamental Rights: History and Prospects in Post-Lisbon Europe. – EUI Working Papers Law, 2011/8. Bailleux, Antoine. Article 52-2. Portée et interprétation des droits et principes. In: Fabrice Picod, Van Drooghenbroeck, Sébastien (dir.). Charte des droits fondamentaux de l’Union européenne. Commentaire article par article. Bruxelles: Édition Bruylant, 2018, p. 1113-1142. Benoît-Rohmer, Florence. Chronique UE et droits fondamentaux – Champ d’application de la Charte (art. 51). - RTDeur. Revue trimestrielle de droit européen, № 2, 2018. Braibant, Guy. La Charte des droits fondamentaux de l’Union européenne. Paris: Editions du Seuil, 2001. Braibant, Guy. La Charte des droits fondamentaux. – Droit social, 2001, № 1. Burgorgue-Larsen, Laurence. Ombres et lumières de la constitutionnalisation de la Charte des droits fondamentaux de l’Union européenne. – Cahiers de droit européen, 2004, 40è année: № 5-6, p. 663-690. Cartabia, Marta. Article 53 – Level of Protection. – In: Mock, W.B.T and Demuro, G. Human Rights in Europe – Commentary on the Charter of the Fundmanetal Rights of the European Union. Durham: Carolina Academic Press, 2010, p. 336-343. Coutron, Laurent. L’hypothèse du dépassement du standard conventionnel. In: Coutron, Laurent, Picheral, Caroline (dir.). Charte des droits fondamentaux de l’Union européenne et Convention européenne des droits de l’homme, Bruxelles: Bruylant, 2002, p. 21-44. De Búrca, Gráinne. After the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights: The Court of Justice as a Human Rights Adjudicator. – Maastricht Journal of European Comparative Law, Vol. 20, 2013, p. 168-184. De Mol, Mirjam. Kücükdeveci: Mangold Revisited – Horizontal Direct Effect of a General Principle of EU Law. – European Constitutional Law Review, 2010, № 6, p. 293-308. Deloche-Gaudez, Florence. La convention pour l’élaboration de la Charte des droits fondamentaux: Une méthode d’avenir ? – Études et recherches № 15. Groupement d’études et recherche „Notre Europe“, 2001. Douglas-Scott, Sionaidh. The European Union and Human Rights after the Treaty of Lisbon. – Human Rights Law Review, Vol. 11, Issue 4, 2011, p. 645-682. Dutheil de la Rochère, Jacqueline. Charte des droits fondamentaux de l’Union européenne. Jurisclasseur Libertés, Fascicule 140. Hancox, Emily. The Relationship Between the Charter and the General Principles: Looking Back and Looking Forward. In: Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies, Vol. 22, 2020, pp. 233-257. Horspool, Margot, Humphreys, Matthew. European Union Law. 8th edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. Jacqué, Jean-Paul. Droit institutionnel de l’Union européenne. 9ème éd. Paris: Dalloz, 2018. Jacqué, Jean-Paul. Vers une Charte des droits fondamentaux de l’Union européenne. – In: L’Europe des libertés, № 4. Labayle, Henri. Droits fondamentaux et droit européen. - A.J.D.A., 1998, p. 75-91. Lenaerts, Koen. Exploring the Limits of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. – European Constitutional Law Review, 2012, Volume 8, Issue 3, p. 375-403. Lenaerts, Koen. La vie après l’avis: Exploring the principal of mutual (yet not blind) trust. – Common Market Law Review, Volume 54, Issue 3, 2017, p. 805-840. Lörcher, Klaus. Interpretation and Minimum Level of Protection. – In: Filip Dorssemont, Lörcher, Klaus, Clauwaert, Stefan, Schmitt, Mélanie (eds.). The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union and the Employment Relation. Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2019, p. 135-162. Neframi, Eleftheria. Quelques réflexions sur l’application de la Charte des droits fondamentaux de l’Union européenne.- In: Brunsessen, Bertrand, Picod, Fabrice, Roland, Sébastien, (dir.). L’identité du droit de l’Union européenne. Mélanges en l’honneur de Claude Blumann. Bruxelles: Bruylant, 2015, p. 431-445. Oberdorff, Henri. La reconnaissance des droits fondamentaux par l’Union européenne. – In: Ferrand, Jérôme, Petit, Huges (dir.). L’odyssée des droits de l’homme: Fondations et naissances des droits de l’homme. Paris: L’Harmattan, 2003. Ovádek, Michal. Le champ d’application de la Charte des droits fondamentaux de l’Union européenne et les États membres: la malédiction du critère matériel. – Journal de droit européen, 2017, p. 386-390. Peers, Steve. The Rebirth of the EU’s Charter of Fundamental Rights. – Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies, Volume 13, 2011, p. 283-309. Peers, Steeve, Sasha Prechal. Article 52. – In: Steeve Peers, Tamara Hervey, Jeff Kenner, Angela Ward. The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights: A Commentary. Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2014, p. 1455-1522. Picod, Fabrice. Droit de l’Union européenne des droits de l’homme et des libertés fondamentales. Jurisclasseur Libertés, fascicule 120. Picod, Fabrice. La hiérarchisation des sources au sein de l’article 6 TUE. – In: Tinière, Romain. Platon, Sébastien. La Charte des droits fondamentaux et la „mise en œuvre“ nationale du droit de l’Union: précisions de la Cour de justice sur le champ d’application de la Charte. – Revue des droits et libertés fondamentaux, 2013, chron. № 11, http://www.revuedlf.com/droit-ue/la-charte-des-droits-fondamentaux-et-la-mise-en-oeuvre-nationale-dudroit-de-lunion-precisions-de-la-cour-de-justice-sur-le-champ-dapplication-de-la-charte-commentai/. Prechal, Sasha. The Court of Justice and Effective Judicial Protection: What has the Charter Changed? – In: Paulussen, Christophe, Tamara Takacs, Vesna Lazic, Ben Van Rompuy (eds.). Fundamental Rights in International and European Law. The Hagues: Asser Press, 2016, p. 143-157. Rauchegger, Clara. The Interplay Between the Charter and National Constitutions after Åkerberg Franson and Melloni. Has the CJUE Embraced the Challenges of Multilevel Fundamental Rights Protection? – In: The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights as a Binding Instrument. Sybe De Vries, Ulf Bernitz, Stephen Weatherill, ed. Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2018, p. 93-131. Rideau, Joël. Droit institutionnel de l’Union et des Communautés européennes. 5ème éd. Paris: LGDJ, 2006. Rota, Marie. Le cadre interprétatif de la Charte des droits fondamentaux (articles 52 à 54). – In: Biad, Abdelwahab, Parisot, Valérie, (dir.). La Charte des droits fondamentaux de l’Union européenne. Bilan d’application. Droit et Justice. Limal: Anthemis, 2018, p. 77-100. Safjan, Marek, Düsterhaus, Dominik, Guérin, Antoine. La Charte des droits fondamentaux de l’Union européenne et les ordres juridiques nationaux, de la mise en œuvre à la mise en balance. – RTDeur, 2016, p. 219-247. Schabas, William A. The European Convention on Human Rights. A Commentary. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015. Shütze, Robert. European Constituonal Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. Spaventa, Eleanor. Fundamental rights in the European Union. – In: Barnard, Catherine, Peers, Steve (eds.). European Union Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014, p. 226-254. Sudre, Frédéric. La Communauté européenne et les droits fondamentaux après le Traité d’Amsterdam, Vers un nouveau système européen de protection des droits de l’homme? – In: Jurisclasseur, Édition générale, № 1, janvier 1998, I 100. Tridimas, T. Fundamental Rights. General Principles of EU Law and the Charter. – In: Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies, Vol. 16, 2014, p. 361-392. Vial, Clair. La méthode d’ajustement de la Cour de justice de l’Union européenne: quand l’indépendance rime avec équivalence. – In: Coutron, Laurent., Picheral, Caroline. (dir.). Charte des droits fondamentaux de l’Union européenne et Convention européenne des droits de l’homme. Bruxelles: Bruylant, 2002, p. 93-112. Vial, Clair (dir.). La protection des droits fondamentaux dans l’Union européenne. Entre évolution et permanence. Bruxelles: Bruylant, 2015, p. 43-65. Von Danwitz, Thomas. L’autonomie du droit de l’Union et la mise en œuvre de la Charte des droits fondamentaux. – In: Brunsessen, Bertrand, Picod, Fabrice, Roland, Sébastien, (dir.). L’identité du droit de l’Union européenne: mélanges en l’honneur de Claude Blumann. Bruxelles: Bruylant, 2015, p. 539-550.
scope of application of the Charter of Fundamental Rghts
references to the Charter of Fundamental Rights
case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union
On issues concerning the non traumatic as an factual aspect of the accident at work
The non-traumatic injury is examined as a particular case of work accident. It is a disease – a deviation from normal health conditions, which is not caused by trauma but is related to extreme work conditions. The study proves that a non-traumatic injury could be qualified as a work accident, in case there is a functional connection with the work conditions. The specifics of the non-traumatic injury as well as the complicated administrative and judiciary practice of qualifying it as a work accident and determining its relation to the work conditions, justifies a necessity for improvement of the legislation. References: Angusheva, Vanyusha. Ponyatieto „trudova zlopoluka“. God. SU. Yurid. fak., 67, [1976], 1977, No 1, 109–150. Gevrenova, Nina. Zdravoslovni i bezopasni uslovia na trud. [Normativni aktove. Sadebna praktika. Administrativna praktika. Prilozhen komentar]. Sofia: IK Trud i pravo, 2003. 576 s. (Avt.: § 2; § 3, t. І – 1, 3, 5 i 6, t. ІІ – 8; § 4; § 6, t. ІІІ). (Saavt.: Sredkova, Krasimira, Yanev, Ivan). Genova, Yaroslava. Osigureni litsa v DOO. Sofia: Siela, 2010. 372 s. Mingov, Emil. Obezshtetenia pri vremenna nerabotosposobnost. Sofia: Sibi, 2002. 220 s. (Bibliogr.: s. 205–206). Mingov, Emil. Ponyatiyata „nerabotosposobnost“ i „netrudosposobnost“ v balgarskoto osiguritelno zakonodatelstvo. Savremenno pravo, 2001, No 2, 22–33. Mrachkov, Vasil. Imushtestvena otgovornost na rabotodatelya pri smart ili uvrezhdane na zdraveto na rabotnika ili sluzhitelya. Sofia: Sibi, 2013. 296 s. Mrachkov, Vasil. Osiguritelno pravo. 6. prerab. i dop. izd. Sofia: Sibi, 2014. 504 s. Sredkova, Krasimira. Osiguritelno pravo. 5. prerab. i dop. izd. Sofia: Sibi, 2016. 648 s. (Azbuchen ukazatel: s. 642–647). Vasilev, Atanas. Imushtestvena otgovornost na rabotodatelya za vredi ot trudova zlopoluka i profesionalno zabolyavane. Sofia: Interyus, 1997. 80 s.
connection between the injury and the work
The future of the workforce in the digital economy era
In the times of the post-industrial era, where the artificial intelligence finds more and more space in public production, the question of the future of the workforce poses interesting issues that are the subject of this article. The danger of people getting out of work due to job losses puts the problem of education and the plan for the future at the forefront, taking into account the possibility of one day being replaced by something or someone who requires neither rest, rights or salary.
Probation period clause in the employment contract: myths, problems and reality
The focus of this article is the probation period clause in employment contracts and the specific legal effects that this clause has on the legal relationship between the employer and employee. By comparing the probation period clause with the term and termination condition clauses, the fundamental differences of these three modalities of the employment contract are explored and explained. The paper dives into the possibility to establish simultaneously a probation period clause and a term of employment clause in the same contract, while also focusing on the practical challenges that such combination may give rise to. The paper argues in favor of the theory, that the probation period clause has three elements, further expanding on the legal limits to negotiating these three elements, as well as the legal consequences in the event of a breach. The criteria for identifying what classifies two employment positions as “identical”, “similar” or “different” are enlisted in the context of the general prohibition for negotiating more than one probation period clause for two identical positions, between two identical parties in an employment relationship. The most common practical problems, arising out of the use of the probation period clause and the recent case law trends are explored in detail. Taking all of the findings into account, the paper finishes by giving specific recommendation for changes in the law that will overturn some case law interpretations, creating a less prohibitive legislative regime and allowing a broader practical use of the probation period clause. References: Gevrenova, Nina, Po nyakoi vaprosi za opredelenite srokove na individualnite trudovi pravootnoshenia. V: Yubileen sbornik, posveten na 80-godishninata na prof. d.yu.n. Vasil Mrachkov. Sofia: Trud i pravo, 2014, 277–298. Genova, Yaroslava. Predpriyatieto polzvatel v individualnoto trudovo pravootnoshenie, Plovdiv: UI „Paisiy Hilendarski“, 2015. 376 s. Koycheva, Rayna. Nyakoi pravni vaprosi na truda chrez predpriyatie, osiguryavashto vremenna rabota. V: Yubileen sbornik, posveten na 80-godishnina na prof. d.yu.n. Vasil Mrachkov, Sofia: Trud i pravo, 2014, 245–262. Milovanov, Kryuger. Trudov dogovor. Sklyuchvane. Izmenenie. Prekratyavane. 2. prerab. i dop. izd. Sofia: Trud i pravo, 2008. Mingov, Emil. Osobenosti na trudovite pravootnoshenia na rabotnitsite i sluzhiteli s rabotodatel, osiguryavasht vremenna rabota. Norma, 2012, No2, 12–28. Mrachkov, Vasil. Dogovorat v trudovoto pravo. Sofia: Sibi, 2010. 288 s. Mrachkov, Vasil, Sredkova, Krasimira, Vasilev, Atanas. Komentar na Kodeksa na truda. 12 prerab. i dop. izd. Sofia: Sibi, 2016. 1224 s. Mrachkov, Vasil. Trudov dogovor s predpriyatie, koeto osiguryava vremenna rabota. Trudovi otnoshenia. Kniga-godishnik. Sofia: Trud i pravo, 2013. Mrachkov, Vasil. Trudovo pravo. 10. prerab. i dop. izd. Sofia: Sibi, 2018. 1000 s. Pavlova, Maria. Grazhdansko pravo. Obshta chast. 2. prerab. i dop. izd. Sofia: Sofi-R, 2002. 680 s. Radoilski, Lyubomir. Trudovo pravo na Narodna republika Bulgaria. Sofia: DI Nauka i izkustvo, 1957. XVIII, 760 s. Sredkova, Krasimira. Trudovo pravo. Spetsialna chast. Dyal І. Individualno trudovo pravo. [Lektsii]. S., Univ. izd. Sv. Kl. Ohridski, 2011. 544 s. (Tsit. lit.: pod linia i v kr. na vsyaka gl.; predm. pozazalets: s. 533–541). Tadzher, Vitali. Grazhdansko pravo na NRB. Obshta chast. Dyal II. [Uchebnik za studenti-yuristi]. Pleven: pech. Al. Pashev, 1973. 384 s. Vasilev, Atanas. Trudovo pravo. [Uchebno pomagalo]. Burgas: BSU, 1997. 608 s.
termination condition of the employment contract
right to unilateral termination of the employment contract
legal limits to the right of contracting
position title/employment position, for which there is a probation period
National constitutional identity in the European Union. Raison d‘ être and mechanisms for protection
National constitutional identity (NCI) in the EU is a principle of the EU, counterweight to the principles of integration, genuine cooperation, effectiveness and primacy. The right to protection of national constitutional identity is an element of the status of integrated State. There is a distinct boundary to the restriction of sovereignty of member States and the primacy of EU law: they do not affect the essential elements of NCI of member States. But then, there is also a boundary to member States’ right to defend their national NCI: it may not affect the essence, the raison d’être and the core principles of EU legal order. The concept of national constitutional identity is an autonomous Union concept, a comprehensive concept, and a concept reflecting only specific material peculiarities of a particular member State. A ruling given by the national constitutional jurisdiction is necessary but not mandatory. This defence cannot be implemented in practice without confirmation (recognition) by the CJEU. That court may not monitor proprio motu. Hence, the CJEU must be seized, and this can only be done by following the procedures laid down in Articles 258-259, 263 and 267 TFEU. If the CJEU grants (recognises) an element of the national constitutional identity of a member State, the effects consist in the right of that member State (and of any subject to its law) to deviate from the fulfillment of the obligations arising from EU law (and above all from the principle of primacy). Therefore, respect for national constitutional identity requires an eurolawfriendly approach from the national jurisdictions and an identityfriendly approach from the CJEU. References: Belov, Martin. Balgarskata konstitutsionna identichnost. Sofia: Sibi, 2017. Semov, Atanas. Zachitane na natsionalnata konstitutsionna identichnost v Evropeyskia sayuz. Parva chast. Logika na printsipa, status na integriranata darzhava, ponyatie i proyavlenia na identichnostta. – Obshtestvo i pravo, 2021, № 4; Vtora chast. Zashtita chrez preyuditsialno zapitvane do SES. – № 5; Treta chast. Vazmozhnosti i zadalzhenia na sadilishtata pri protivorechie s Konstitutsiyata na sayuzna pravna norma. – № 6. Semov, Atanas. Neprilagane na Pravoto na ES poradi zachitane na natsionalnata identichnost. – V: Nauchni i prakticheski publikatsii, 16.11.2020, Lex.bg Semov, Atanas. Printsip na zachitane na natsionalnata identichnost na darzhava chlenka na ES. (Vazmozhnost za neprilagane po izklyuchenie na sayuzna pravna norma – izvodi za natsionalnia sadia ot klyuchovata, no i nepredvidima praktika na Sada na ES). – V: Sbornik s dokladi ot Mezhdunarodna nauchna konferentsia na tema „Rolya i znachenie na mezhdunarodnoto i nadnatsionalnoto pravo v savremennia svyat“ po povod 90-godishninata na prof. d-r Ivan Vladimirov. Sofia: IK na UNSS, 2018, 34-56. Hristev, Hristo. Saotnoshenieto na vatreshnoto pravo i pravoto na ES v svetlinata na praktikata na Sada na ES otnosno zachitane na konstitutsionnata identichnost na darzhavite chlenki na Evropeyskia sayuz. – God. SU. Yurid. fak., 87, 395-425. Arnaiz, Alejandro Saiz, Llivina, Carina Alcoberro. National Constitutional Identity and European Intergration. Intersentia. Cambridge-Antwerp-Portland, 2013. Besselink, Leonard F. M. National and Constitutional Identity before and after Lisbon. - Utrecht Law Review, Vol. 6, 2010. Blanke, Hermann-Josef, Mangiameli, Stelio. Article 4 (The Relations Between the EU and the Member States). – In: Hermann-Josef Blanke, Stelio Mangiameli. The Treaty on European Union (TEU): A Commentary. Springer. Berlin, Heidelberg, 2013. Bogdandy, Armin von, Schill, Stephan. Overcoming Absolute Primacy: Respect for National Identity under the Lisbon Treaty. – Common Market Law Review, Vol. 48. Calliess, C., Van der Schyff, G. Constitutional Identity in a Europe of Multilevel Constitutionalism. Cambridge University Press, 2009. Cloots, Elke. National Identity in EU Law. Oxford University Press, 2015. Constantinesco, Vlad. La confrontation entre identité constitutionnelle européenne et identités constitutionnelles nationales: convergence ou contradiction? Contrepoint ou hiérarchie? – In: L’Union européenne: Union de droit, Union des droits. Mélanges en l’honneur de Philippe Manin. Paris, Pedone, 2010. Delmas-Marty, Mireille. Intégration européenne et identité nationale. Le rôle des juges. Forum des juges, 3-4 décembre 2012, academiesciencesmoralesetpolitiques.fr. Faraguna, Pietro. Constitutional Identity in the EU—A Shield or a Sword? – In: German Law Journal. Special Issue Constitutional Identity in the Age of Global Migration, Vol. 18, № 07. Gambino, Silvio. Constitutionalismes nationaux et constitutionalise européen : Identiés nationales, traditions constitutionnelles et doits sociaux (après Lisbonne). – Rivista di diritto publico Italiano, comparato, Europeo, № 6, 21.3.2012, Federalismi.it. Martin, Sébastien „Identité nationale“ et „identité constitutionnelle“. – Revue française de droit constitutionnel, 2012/3, № 91. Millet, François-Xavier. National Constitutional Identity as a Safeguard of Federalism in Europe. – In: Loic Azoulai, Lena Boucon, François-Xavier Millet. Deconstructing EU Federalism through Competences. EUI Working Papers, Law 2012/06. Mouton, Jean-Denis. La défence de l’identité constitutionnelle, révélatrice de la nature de l’Union Européenne. – In: Constitutional studies. Constitutional Court of Republic of Bulgaria, Vol. I, 2019. Mouton, Jean-Denis. L’Union européenne en débat. Visions d’Europe centrale et orientale. Presses universitaires de Nancy, coll. Cap Europe, Nancy, 2004. Mouton, Jean-Denis. Réfl exions sur la prise en considération de l’identité constitutionnelle des États membres de l’Union européenne. –In : L’Union européenne: Union de droit, Union des droits. Mélanges en l’honneur de Philippe Manin. Paris, Pedone, 2010. Mouton, Jean-Denis. Vers la reconnaissance de droits fondamentaux aux États dans le systиme communautaire? – In : Les dynamiques du droit européen en début de siécle. Etudes en l’honneur de Jean-Claude Gautron. Paris, Pedone, 2004. Mouton, Jean-Denis. Vers la reconnaissance d’un droit au respect de l’identité nationale pour les États membres de l’Union. – In : La France. L’Europe et le monde. Mélanges en l’honneur de Jean Charpentier. Paris, Pedone, 2009. Platon, Sebastien. Le respect de l‘identité nationale des États membres: frein ou recomposition de la gouvernance ? – Revue de l’Union européenne, № 556, mars 2012. Ritleng, Dominique. De l’utilité du principe de primauté du droit de l’Unio. – Revue trimestriel de droit européen, 2009. Schnettger, Anita. Article 4(2) TEU as a Vehicle for National Constitutional Identity in the Shared European Legal System. – In: C. Calliess, G. Van der Schyff. Constitutional Identity in a Europe of Multilevel Constitutionalism. Cambridge University Press, 2009. Sébastien, Martin. L‘identité de l‘État dans l‘Union européenne: entre „identité nationale“ et „identité constitutionnelle“. - Revue française de droit constitutionnel, Vol. 3/2012 (№ 91). Simon, Denys. L’identité constitutionnelle dans la jurisprudence de l’Union européenne. – In: Laurence Burgorgue-Larsen. L’identité constitutionnelle saisie par les juges en Europe. Pedone, 2011. Vzh. sashto: Bonnet, Baptiste. Les rapport entre droit constitutionnel et droit de l’Union Européenne. De l’art de l‘accomodement raisonable. – Conseil constitutionnel, 2019/1, № 2. Claes, Monica. Negotiating Constitutional Identity or whose Identity Is it Anyway? – In: Monica Claes, Maartje de Visser, Patricia Popelier, Cathérine Van de Heyning. Constitutional Conversations in Europe. Intersentia, 2012. Claes, Monica, Jan-Herman Reestman. The Protection of National Constitutional Identity and the Limits of European Integration at the Occasion of the Gauweiler Case. – German Law Journal, Special Section The CJEU’s OMT Decision, Vol. 16, № 04. Dechâtre, Laurent. L’identité constitutionnelle comme limite à l’ouverture au droit international et Euorpéen en Allemagne et en France. – In: Évelyne Lagrange, Andrea Hamann, Jean-Marc Sorel. Si proche, si loin: la pratique du droit international en France et en Allemagn. Collection de l’UMR de droit comparé de Paris, Université de Paris 1, Vol. 29. Dubos, Olivier. Inconciliable primauté. L’identité nationale: sonderweg et self-restraint au service du des pouvoir juges? – In: La conciliation entre les droits et libertés dans les ordres juridiques européens. Dixiиmes journées du pôle européen Jean Monnet. Institut droit et Économie des dynamiques en Europe, Université Paul verlaine (Metz), 18 et 19 déc. 2009. Jacobsohn, Gary Geff rey. Constitutions and national identity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010. Komárek, Jan. National constitutional courts in the European constitutional democracy. – International Journal of Constitutional Law, Vol. 12, Issue 3, July 2014. Konstadinides, Theodore. Constitutional Identity as a Shield and as a Sword: The European Legal Order within the Framework of National Constitutional Settlement. Cambridge Year book of European Legal Studies, 13, 2010/1. Lanza, Elisabetta. Core of State Sovereignty and Boundaries of Union’s Identity in Lisbon – Urteil.- German Law Journal, Vol. 11, № 04. Levade, Anne. Identité constitutionnelle et exigence substantielle: comment concilier l’inconciliable. – In: L’Union européenne: Union de droit. Union des droits. Mélanges en l’honneur de Philippe Manin. Paris, Pedone, 2010. Levade, Anne. Quelle identité constitutionnelle nationale préserver face à l’Union européenne ? – Annuaire de Droit Européen, Vol. II, 2004. Nabli, Béligh.L’état intégré. Contribution à l’étude de l’État membre de l’Union européenne. Editions A. Pedone, Paris, 2019. Ponthoreau, Marie-Claire. Constitution européenne et identités constitutionnelles nationales. VIIe Congrès mondial de l’AIDC, Athènes, 11-15 juin 2007. Ponthoreau, Marie-Claire. Constitutions nationales et droit(s) sans frontiиres. Jalons méthodologiques. Constitutions, 2010. Ponthoreau, Marie-Claire. Identité constitutionnelle et clause européenne d’identité nationale. l’Europe а l’épreuve des identités constitutionnelles nationales. – Diritto Publico Comparato E Europeo, 2007. Rousseau, Dominique. L’identité constitutionnelle, bouclier de l’identité nationale ou branche de l’étoile européenne? – In: Laurence Bourgorgue-Larsen. L’identité constitutionnelle saisie par les juges en Europe. Paris, 2011. Simon, Sven. Direct Cooperation Has Begun: Some Remarks on the Judgment of the ECJ on the OMT Decision of the ECB in Response to the German Federal Constitutional Court’s First Request for a Preliminary Ruling. – German Law Journal, Vol. 16, № 04. Schyff, Gerhard van der. Member States of the European Union, Constitutions and Identity. – In: C. Calliess, G. Van der Schyff. Constitutional Identity in a Europe of Multilevel Constitutionalism. Cambridge University Press, 2009. Stéfanini, Marthe Fatin-Rouge, Anne Levade, Rostane Mehdi, Valérie Michel. L‘identité à la croisée des États et de l‘Europe. Quel sens? Quelles fonctions? Bruyllant, 2005. Wendel, Mattias. La jurisprudence du Conseil constitutionnel Français et du Tribunal constitutionnel fédéral Allemand sur l’évolution des traités européennes. Un conte d’aiguilleurs et de gardiens du droit. – In: Évelyne Lagrange, Andrea Hamann, Jean Marc Sorel. Si proche, si loin: la pratique du droit international en France et en Allemagne. Collection de l’UMR de droit comparé de Paris. Université de Paris 1, Vol. 29.
consequences in case of pronouncing of the CJEU
The path to the establishment of receivables as a separate transferable object in legal relations. The emergence of pactum de non cedendo
The present article discusses the historical development of the notion “res” after the downfall of the Western Roman Empire and its gradual reduction to corporeal things only. This process is accompanied by the evolution of the receivable as a separate and independent object of legal relationships. The School of Natural Law affirms the free alienability of all assets, incl. receivables. However, its representatives do not feel the need to re-introduce the well-known Roman legal prohibitions to change the creditor in certain situations where this might prove detrimental to the debtor’s interests. This, in turn, calls for the development of a new legal means, aimed at promoting the legal protection of the debtor. The first scholar to propose a new type of legal approach that allows parties to bond the receivable to the initial creditor, thus depriving it of its transferability with an effect vis-à-vis any third party, was Christian Mühlenbruch. However, subsequent generations of legal scholars remained divided on the issue. Some of them denied the possibility for parties to exclude receivables from participation in civil and commercial flow. At the turn of the 19th century, there were two main scientific explanations regarding the nature and legal consequences of pactum de non cedendo. References: Andreev, Mihail. Rimsko chastno pravo. Sofia: Sofi-R, 1992. Bazanov, Ivan. Kurs po rimsko pravo. T. 1. Sofia: Univ. pech., 1940. Venedikov, Petko. Zapiski po rimsko pravo. Sofia: Petko Venedikov, 1999. Venedikov, Petko. Sistema na balgarskoto nasledstveno pravo. Sofia: Pech. Knipegraf, 1939. Dyunan, Zhan-Filip, Pishona, Paskal. Rimsko pravo. Rechnik na osnownite termini. 2. prerab. i dop. izd., Sofia: Siela, 2010. Planiol, Marsel. Elementarno rakovodstvo po grazhdansko pravo. Spetsialni dogovori. Prev. T. Naslednikov, Sofia: Kooperativna pechatnitsa Napred, 1919. Affolter, Friedrich Xaver. Das römische Institutionensystem, sein Wesen und seine Geschichte. Berlin: Puttkammer und Mühlbrecht, 1897. Brissaud, Jean. A History of French Private Law, translated by Rapelje Howell. Boston: Little, Brown & Co, 1912. Bucher, Karl. Das Recht der Forderungen. Nach den Grundsätzen des Justinianischen Rechts dargestellt. 2-e Auflage, Leipzig: Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, 1830. Burge, William. Commentaries on Colonial and Foreign Laws Generally and In Their Confl ict with Each Other, and with the Law of England, vol. II. London: Saunders and Benning, 1838. Dabelow, Christian. Ausführlicher theoretisch-practischer Kommentar über den Code Napoleon. Leipzig: Schwickert’schen Verlag, 1810. Dernburg, Heinrich. Pandekten. Zweiter Band. Obligationenrecht. Vierte, verbesserte Auflage, Berlin: Verlag von W. Müller, 1894. Domat, Jean. The Civil Law in its Natural Order, translated from the French by William Strahan, vol. 1, Boston: Charles C.Little and James Brown, 1850. Fitting, Hermann. Über die sogenannten Turiner Institutionenglosse und den sogenannten Brachylogus. Halle: Verlag der Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses, 1870. Flossmann, Ursulla. Österreichische Privatrechtsgeschichte. Sechste aktualisierte Auflage. Wien/New York: Springer, 2008. Gordley, James. Myths of the French Civil Code. – The American Journal of Comparative Law, Vol. 42, № 3, (Summer, 1994). Gordley, James. The Philosophical Origins of Modern Contract Doctrin. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992. Honsell, Heinrich. Römisches Recht. Heidelberg: Springer, 2015. Hoop, Gerold. Kodifikationsgeschichtliche Zusammenhänge des Abtretungsverbots. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1992. Kämper, Lukas. Forderungsbegriff und Zession. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2019. Kaser, Max. Rechtsgeschäftliche Verfügungsbeschränkungen im römischen Recht. – In: Römische Rechtsquellen und angewandte Juristenmethode. Wien-Köln-Graz: Hermann Böhlaus, 1986. Koch, Christian. Die Lehre von dem Übergange der Forderungsrechte durch Universal und Singularsuccession. Breslau: Verlag von Georg Philip Aderholz, 1837. Koch, Christian. Die Lehre von dem Übergange der Forderungsrechte durch Universal und Singularsuccession. Breslau: Georg Philip Aberholz Verlag, 1837. Koch, Christian. Lehrbuch des preußischen gemeinen Privatrechts. 2. Band 3. Auflage, Berlin, 1858. Kötz, Hein. Europäisches Vertragsrecht. Band I. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1996. Kupisch, Berthold. Institutionensystem und Pandektensystem: Zur Geschichte des Res Begriffs. – Irish Jurist, new series, vol. 25/27, (1990/1992). Lodigkeit, Klaus. Die Entwicklung des Abtretungsverbotes von Forderungen bis zum § 354a HGB, Münster: LIT Verlag, 2004. Mühlenbruch, Christian. Die Lehre von der Cession der Forderungsrechte. Nach den Grundlagen des Römischen Rechts. Zweite Auflage, Greifswald, bei Ernst Mauritius, 1826. Neschwara, Christian. Die ältesten Quellen zur Kodifikationsgeschichte des österreichischen ABGB. Wien: Böhlau Verlag, 2012. Pleadings of some Remarkable Cases Before the Supreme Court of Scotland, since the Year 1661. Edinburgh: Printed by George Swinton, 1672. Pothier’s Treatise on Contracts. Volume I. Contract of Sale. Translated from the French by L.S.Cushing. Boston: Charles C. Little & James Brown, 1838. Raber, Fritz. Contractual Prohibition of Assignment in Austrian Law. – Notre Dame Law Review, vol. 64, Issue 2 (May 2014). Regelsberger, Ferdinand. Zwei Beiträge zur Lehre von der Cession. – Archiv für die civilistische Praxis 63. Bd., H. 2, 1880. Schmid, Albert. Die Grundlehren der Cession nach römischen Recht dargestellt. Band 2, Braunschweig, 1866. Seuffert, Lothar. Über die Wirkung eines vertragsmäßigen Cessionsverbotes. – In: Archiv für die civilistische Praxis, Heft 51, Bd. 1, 1868. Sintenis, Carl. Das practische gemeine Civilrecht. Leipzig: B. Tauchnitz Verlag, 1868. Stegemann, Das pactum de non cedendo. – Archiv für die civilistische Praxis. Band 67, Heft 2 (1884). van der Sande, Johan. A Treatise upon Restraints upon the Alienation of Things. Capetown; Johannesburg, 1892. Wiegand, Wolfgang. Die Entwicklung des Sachenrechts im Verhältnis zum Schuldrecht. – In: Archiv für die civilistische Praxis, Band 190, Heft 1/2 , 1990. Windsheid, Bernhard. Lehrbuch der Pandekten. Zweiter Band, Sechste verbesserte Auflage. Frankfurt: Rütten und König, 1887. Zimmermann, Reinhard. The Law of Obligations. Roman Foundations of the Civilian Tradition. Cape Town, Wetton, Johannesburg: Juta & Co Ltd, 1990.
Based on a combined criminological, legal, psychological and historical analysis and analysis of convicts’ development during penalty execution upon OASys system of recidivism-risk assessments, the article presents a typology of the serial-crime cases known to the Bulgarian judicial practice. The factors and general features of serial crime, the perpetrator’s profile and the motivation and perpetration mechanisms of the series have been established out of case-by-case study, as well as criteria for recognition of the phenomenon in bordering cases. The judicial response has been analysed and complications in the legal qualification and the penalty individualization discussed. References: Elenkov, Ivan. Orbiti na sotsialisticheskoto vsekidnevie. Sofia: Siela, 2018. Ilkova, Ralitsa, Ranchev, Ivan. Kriminologia. Obshta chast. [Uchebno pomagalo]. Sofia: Siela, 2020. Koycheva, Penka. Psihopatologia na seriynite ubiytsi. – Psihologicheski forum, 2004, № 4. Pushkarova, Iva. Obshta harakteristika na seriynata prestapna deynost. Razgranichenie ot organiziranata prestapna deynost. – Obshtestvo i pravo, 2008, № 1. Pushkarova, Iva. Otvlichaneto v savkupnost s drugi prestaplenia: problemi na kvalifikatsiyata i individualizatsiyata v sadebnata praktika. – God. SU. Yurid. fak., 87, [2020], 2021. Stoynov, Aleksandar. Nakazatelno pravo. Obshta chast. 2. izd. Sofia: Siela, 2019. Uilsan, Kolin, Uilsan, Deyman. Napisano s krav. Istoria na sadebnoto razsledvane. Sofia: Bard, 2005. Hristoskova, Nadezhda. Psihologicheski analiz na seriynia prestapnik. – Yuridichesko spisanie na NBU, 2011, № 1. Abrahamsen, David. The Murdering Mind. NY: Harper & Row, 1973. Arieti, Silvano, Shreiber, Flora Rheta. Multiple Murders Of A Schizophrenic Patient: A Psychodynamic Interpretation. – Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, 1981. Arnott, Jake. True Crime. – RSA Journal 158, 2012, № 5549. Brittain, Robert P. The Sadistic Murderer. // Medicine, Science and the Law, 1967. Douglas, John, Olshaker, Mark. Mindhunter. London: Heinemann, 1996. FBI, Serial Murder. Multi-Disciplinary Perspectives for Investigators. US Department of Justice (Morton, R., Hilts, M., eds), 2005. Fox, James Alan, Levin, Jack. Multiple Homicide: Patterns of Serial and Mass Murder. – Crime and Justice, 1998, № 23. Giannangelo, Stephen. J. The Psychopathology of Serial Murder: A Theory of Violence. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996. Hazlewood, Robert, Douglas, John. The Lust Murderer. – FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, April 1980, Vol. 49, № 4. Hering, Amanda, Bair, Sean. Characterizing Spatial and Chronological Target Selection of Serial Offenders. – Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series C, 63, 2014, № 1. Hickey, Eric. Serial Killers and their Victims, 1991. Homant, Robert, Kennedy, Daniel. Understanding Serial Sexual Murder. – Profiling and Serial Crime. (Third Edition). 2014. Levin, Jack, Fox, James Alan. Mass Murder: America’s Growing Menace. NY: Plenum Press, 1985. Leyton, Elliot. A Social Profile Of Sexual Mass Murderers. – In: T. Fleming and L. A. Visano (eds.). Deviant Designations: Crime, Law and Deviance in Canada. Toronto: Butterworths, 1983. Leyton, Elliot. Compulsive Killers: The Story of Modern Multiple Murders. New York University Press, 1986. Leyton, Elliot. Hunting Humans: Inside the Minds of Mass Murderers. New York: Pocket Books, 1988. Masters, Brian. The Shrine of Jeffrey Dahmer. London: Coronet, 1993. Ressler, Robert, Burgess, Ann, Douglas, John. Sexual Homicide: Patterns & Motives. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1988. Sharma, Meher. The Development of Serial Killers: A Grounded Theory study. Master Theses. Eastern Illinois University: The Keep, 2018. Turvey, Brent. Serial Cases: Investigating Pattern Crimes. – Criminal Profiling. (Fourth Edition). 2012. Yapko, Michael. Depression is Contagious: How the Most Common Mood Disorder is Spreading Around the World and How to Stop It. New York: The Free Press, 2009. Yapko, Michael. Breaking the Patterns of Depression. New York: Random House/Doubleday, 1997. Yapko, Michael. Hand Me Down Blues: How to Stop Depression from Spreading in Families. New York: St. Martin‘s, 1999. Yapko, Michael. Suggestions of Abuse: True and False Memories of Childhood Sexual Trauma. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994.
Income as a source of tax liabilities of the individuals
This article is devoted to the importance of the legal regime of income as a source of tax liabilities for individuals. The legal characteristics of income as an object of taxation in a historical and positive legal context are considered. The attention is focused on the structure of the income tax, established by the Personal Income Tax Act, the systems of income coverage and its establishment for tax purposes. References: Angelov, Angel. Finansovo pravo na NRB. Sofia: Nauka i izkustvo, 1955. Valchev, Daniel. Lektsii po obshta teoria na pravoto. Ch. 2. Sofia: Siela, 2019. Kostov, Milcho. Finansovi pravni otnoshenia. Sofia: BAN, 1979. Kuchev, Strashimir. Byudzhetnite prihodi na NRB. Sofia: Nauka i izkustvo, 1982. Kuchev, Yuriy. Avtonomia na danachnoto pravo. Sofia: LiStra, 2002. Minkova, Ganeta. Danachno pravo. Kn. 1. Materialno danachno pravo. Sofia: Feneya, 1997. Penov, Sasho. Praven rezhim na korporativnoto podohodno oblagane. Sofia: Univ. izd. Sv. Kl. Ohridski, 2000. Penov, Sasho. Finansovo pravo. Spetsialna chast. Sofia: Univ. izd. Sv. Kl. Ohridski, 2020. Petkanov, Georgi. Danachen protses. Sofia: Tilia, 1996. Petrova, Vera. Kontseptualni osnovi na dohoda v savremennoto schetovodstvo. – https://dlib.uni-svishtov.bg/bitstream/handle/10610/3284/ Stefanov, Hristo, Stoyanov, Rusi, Hristov, Haralambi. Rakovodstvo po Naredba-zakon za danaka varhu prihodite. 2. prerab. i dop. izd., Sofia: Pechatnitsa Knipegrafa, 1940. Stoyanov, Ivan. Yuridicheski fakti v danachnoto pravo. Sofia: Feneya, 2011. Stoyanov, Petko. Danachno pravo. 3. dop. i prerab. izd. Sofia: BAN, 1994. Stoyanov, Petko. Osnovni nachala na finansovata nauka. Sofia: 1935. Tsonev, Hristofor. Komentar na Zakona za danaka varhu prihodite. Sofia: Pech. S. M. Stoykova, 1933. Ault, Hugh, Arnold, Brian, Cooper, Graeme. Comparative Income Taxation: A Structural Analysis, 4-th edition, Kluwer Law International, 2019. Cnossen, Sijbren. Taxing Capital Income in the Nordic Countries: A Model in the EU?. Taxing Capital Income in the EU: Issues and Opinions for Reform, 2000. Ordower, Henry. Schedularity in U.S. Income Taxation and its Effect on Tax Distribution. Sorensen, Peter. From the Global Income Tax to the Dual Income Tax: Recent Reforms in the Nordic Countries. International Tax and Public Finance, vol. 1, 1994, p. 57-79. Kleinbard, Edward. An American Dual Income Tax: Nordic Precedents.
The principle of good administration in the EU law and the АPC
In addition to those principles which are traditional of Bulgarian administrative law, such as the principle of ex officio, equality, autonomy and impartiality, basic principles of the EU law have also been proclaimed in the Administrative Procedure Code (APC) in view of the accession of the Republic of Bulgaria to the EU. Either in whole or in part – through some of their components – these principles are new to Bulgarian administrative law. One of them is the principle of good administration. The case law of the Court of Justice of the EU has affirmed good administration as a general principle of the EU law, and Art. 41 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU regulates good administration as a complex right, the components of which are rights that represent principles of the EU administrative law. In the APC, the principle of good administration is not separately proclaimed; yet, its elements form part of the content of other principles regulated by the Code, namely those of legality, proportionality, transparency, impartiality. The disclosure of the content of this principle and its regulation through the APC makes it possible to establish the significance of its components for determining the essential characteristics of the principles that these components form part of, as well as to establish whether their application is guaranteed by the framework governing the administrative procedural rights and obligations of the parties and the ruling authority in the proceedings under the Code. References: Aleksandrov, Andrey. Osnovni prava na titulyarite na lichni danni i sposobi za pravnata im zashtita. – Sobstvenost i pravo, 2016, № 10. Van Dayk, P., van Huuf, G. Y. H. Evropeyskata konventsia za pravata na choveka – teoria i praktika. Sofia: Fondatsia Balgarski advokati za pravata na choveka, 2000. XXVI, 806 s. Dimitrov, Dobri. Administrativen protses. Obshta i spetsialna chast. Po obshtata i spetsialnata klauza. 7. prerab. i dop. izd., Sofia: Siela, 2003. 556 s. Elenkov, Aleksandar, Angelov, Angel, Dyulgerov, Asen, Disheva, Atanaska, Panov, Lozan, Kazandzhieva, Maria, Yankulova, Sonya, Nikolova, Teodora, Kovacheva, Yulia. Administrativnoprotsesualen kodeks. Sistematichen komentar. Problemi na pravoprilaganeto. Analiz na sadebnata praktika. Sofia: Trud i pravo, 2013. 1600 s. Lazarov, Kino. Iziskvania za zakonosaobraznost na administrativnite aktove. Sofia: Feneya, 1999. 84 s. Lazarov, Kino, Kostov, Dimitar, Hrusanov, Doncho, Kandeva, Emilia. Novi momenti v Administrativnia protses spored APK. Tematichen komentar. Sofia: Siela, 2007. 376 s. Panayotova, Emilia. Aktualni problemi na zashtitata na informatsiyata za grazhdanite. – Savremenno pravo, 1992, № 2, 27-34. Penchev, Konstantin, Todorov, Ivan, Angelov, Georgi, Yordanov, Bogdan. Administrativnoprotsesualen kodeks. Komentar. Sofia: Siela, 2006. 524 s. Semov, Atanas. Prava na grazhdanite na Evropeyskia sayuz. T. 2. Praven rezhim na grazhdanstvoto na ES i svobodnoto dvizhenie. Sofia: Univ. izd. Sv. Kl. Ohridski, 2013. 420 s. Sivkov, Tsvetan. Sporazumenieto po Administrativnoprotsesualnia kodeks. Sofia: Siela, 2012, 188 s. Staynov, Petko. Administrativno pravosadie. Sofia: BAN, 1993. 708 s. Stalev, Zhivko. Balgarsko grazhdansko protsesualno pravo. 7. dop. i prerab. izd. Sofia: Siela, 2001. 984 s. Tanchev, Evgeni. Vavedenie v konstitutsionnoto pravo. Sofia: Sibi, 2003. 480 s. Council of Europe. Cons. Ass., Twenty-First Ordinary Session (Third Part), Texts Adopted (1970). Hofmann, Herwig C.H., Rowe, Gerard C. et Turk, Alexander H. Administrative Law and Policy of the European Union. Oxford University Press, 2011. Tridimas, Takis. The General Principles of EU Law. 2. ed., Oxford University Press, 2006. Velu, J. The European Convention on Human Rights and the Right to Respect for Private Life, the Home and Communications. – In: Privacy and Human Rights. Third International Colloquy, Brussels, 1970, Manchester, 1973.
right to have cases heard within a reasonable time
right to a fair and impartial hearing of the case
obligation to state reasons for administrative acts
‘active’ and ‘passive’ access to information of the parties to the proceedings
On the status of judicial jurisprudence as a source of law
The present study examines if case law should be considered a source of law in the Civil-law-context of Bulgarian legal system. For these purpose two approaches are compared − the traditional normativism based on the European legal dogmatics and the legal realism. The normative approach denies the status of legal source to case law, pointing to the lack of written legal rule that makes the observance of previous decisions mandatory for the courts. The second approach − that of legal realism, is practically unknown in Bulgaria. Legal realists, including the authors of this school presented here − Alf Ross and Karl Olivecrona, criticize the traditional approach, arguing that as a science, law must examine certain facts, and the very “facts” that can be somehow connected to the law are the judicial decisions. In order to compare these two approaches, I analyze both the different opinions on the issue in Bulgaria and the relationship between lawmaking and law enforcement. I try to show that the very nature of the law to regulate through general prescriptions, expressed in linguistic form, requires from the courts to specify the statutory norms in a more detailed way, developing and completing their meaning in their acts. The traditional understanding that there is no legal basis for the mandatory observance of case law by courts is rejected by the demonstration of a thesis on the existence of such an obligation, which can be deduced from individual provisions of the Bulgarian Constitution and the Judiciary Act, and from the principle of the legal state. References: Vasilev, Lyuben. Grazhdansko pravo. Obshta chast. [1956]. Nova redaktsia na Ch. Goleminov. Varna, 1993. Valchev, Daniel. Lektsii po Obshta teoria na pravoto. Ch. 1. Sofia: Siela, 2016. Ganev, Venelin. Izvori na pravoto, talkuvanie i prilozhenie. Yuridicheski arhiv, 1934, god. V, kn. 3. Gotsev, Vasil. Dogovorna i deliktna otgovornost – sravnenie i konkurentsia. Sofia: Nauka i izkustvo, 1979. Groysman, Simeon. Pravo i vlast. Ot neogranichenata darzhava do postmodernoto varhovenstvo na pravata. VI. Osnovnata norma kato proektsia na vlastnicheski otnoshenia. § 26. Osnovite na Kelzenovata teoria. Sofia: Siela, 2020. Groysman, Simeon. Pravo i moral. § 73. Praviloto za razpoznavane kato sotsialna konventsia: usavarshenstvaneto na teoriyata na Hart ot Kolman i Marmor. Sofia: Siela, 2017. Dzherov, Aleksandar. Grazhdansko pravo. Obshta chast. 3. prerab. i dop. izd. Sofia: Trud i pravo, 2012. Dikov, Lyuben. Kurs po balgarsko grazhdansko pravo. T. I. Obshta chast. Sofia: Pech. P. K. Ovcharov, 1940. Kolev, Tencho. Teoria na pravoto. Sofia: Siela, 2015. Kurant, Rihard, Robbins, Gerbert. Chto takoe matematika? Эlementarnыy ocherk idey i metodov. Per. s angl. pod red. A. N. Kolmogorova. Moskva: MTsNMO, 2000 [1947]. Pavlova, Maria. Grazhdansko pravo. Obshta chast. Sofia: Sofi-R, 2002. Rachev, Filip. Grazhdansko pravo. Sofia: Univ. izd. Stopanstvo, 2003. Ruschev, Ivan. Normativnite aktove – iztochnik na chastnoto pravo. Sofia: Albatros, 2008. Stalev, Zhivko. Normativnata sila na fakticheskoto. Sofia: Univ. izd. „Sv. Kl. Ohridski“, 1997. Tadzher, Vitali. Grazhdansko pravo na NRB. Obshta chast. D. I, Sofia: Nauka i izkustvo, 1972. Tashev, Rosen. Kam ponyatieto za praven printsip. – Savremenno pravo, 2001, № 6. Tashev, Rosen. Obshta teoria na pravoto: Osnovni pravni ponyatia, 4. prerab. i dop. izd., Sofia: Sibi, 2010, s. 114. Fadenheht, Yosif. Balgarsko grazhdansko pravo. Obshta chast. Otdel I: Obektivno pravo. Sofia: Pech. na Armeyskia voenno-izdatelski fond, 1929. Dworkin, Ronald. Justice for Hedgehogs. The Belknap Press, 2011. Hart, Herbert. The Concept of Law. 2nd ed. (With a Postscript edited by Penelope A. Bulloch and Joseph Raz). New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. Kelsen, Hans. Reine Rechtslehre, Studienausgabe der 2. Aufl age 1960, unter Berücksichtigung von Kelsens Änderungen anlässlich der Übersetzung ins Italianische 1966, herausgegeben und eingeleitet von Matthias Jestaedt. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck; Wien: Verlag Össterreich, 2017. Kelsen, Hans. Über Grenzen zwischen juristischer und soziologischer Methode: Vortrag gehalten in der Soziologischen Gesellchaft zu Wien. Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr, 1911. Matthiessen, Christian, Teruya, Kazuhiro, Lam, Marvin. Key Terms in Systemic Functional Linguistics, Continuum, 2010. Olivecrona, Karl. Law as Fact. Copenhagen: Einar Munksgaard; London: Humphrey Milford, 1939. Reprinted: London, Wildy & Sons, 1962. Paton, George Whitecross. A Text-book of Jurisprudence. Third ed., edited by D. P. Derham. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1964. Rada, Ray. Hypertext: from Text to Expertext, ch. 3, Online access: https://userpages.umbc.edu/~rada/cv/pubs/hypertextbook/ Rüthers, Bernd, Fischer, Christian, Birk, Axel. Rechtstheorie mit juristischer Methodenlehre, 10. überarbeitete Aufl age, München: C. H. Beck, 2018.
The role of NATO in the transformation of the 21st century security paradigm
NATO celebrated its seventieth anniversary in 2019. Since the end of the Cold War, many have been predicting the organization’s death—or, at least, its irrelevance. While such predictions have so far been proved wrong, NATO, widely hailed as the most successful security alliance in modern history, has consistently been facing new set of challenges. As NATO embarks on its next seventy years, it will need to work harder and more creatively and strategically to sustain the security that its member states take for granted. References: Dineva, Silvia, Georgieva, Olya, 29/11/2010. Novite izmerenia v strategicheskia podhod na NATO i otnoshenieto im kam savremennite predizvikatelstva pred sigurnostta. SKP, SU „Sv. Kliment Ohridski“. Milina, Velichka. Novata paradigma na energiynata sigurnost. Sofia: Voenna akademia „G. S. Rakovski“, 2013. Arvind, Om. Norwegian PM explains how NATO can help combat climate change. Atlantic Council, 2019. Dokos, Thanos. The Security Implications of Crime, Terrorism, and Trafficking. Carnegie Europe, November 2019. Drent, Margriet and Hendriks, Rob, Zandee, Dick. New Threats, New EU and NATO Responses. Clingendael, 2015. Goldschmidt, Pierre and Techau, Jan. The New Challenges to Global Security: NATO's Response, 2011. Kaplan, Eben. Terrorists and the Internet. Council on Foreign Relations, 2018. Katsirdakis, G. NATO and Defense Reform, Collection of Papers: Military Reform – Experiences and Challenges, CCMR, Belgrade, 2003. Kulesa, Lukasz. The Future of Deterrence: Effectiveness and Limitations of Conventional and Nuclear Postures. Carnegie Europe, 2019. Sebok, Endre. NATO-UN relations: looking ahead after 10 years of expanding cooperation. NATO Review, September 2018. Shea, Jamie. NATO in the Era of Global Complexity. Carnegie Europe, 2019. Simic, Jasminka. Challenges Facing NATO in the 21st Century. Research Gate, 2010. Tucker, Patrick. NATO Getting More Aggressive on Offensive Cyber. Defense One, May 2019. Werrell, Caitlyn and Femia, Francesco. Climate Change and NATO: A New Study. The Center for Climate & Security, October 2017.
The relationship between domestic law and European Union law in light of the case law of the court of justice concerning the constitutional identity of the member states of the EU
The question of the relationship between domestic law and the law of the European integration has been one of the major issues in the doctrine of EU law and in the doctrine of domestic law within the Member States since the first years of the European process. Although, after the affirmation of the Principle of primacy in the case law of the Court of Justice, this issue was generally considered clarified, the introduction of an explicit requirement to respect the national identity of the Member States by the Maastricht Treaty and the possible manifestations of this requirement, associated with basic elements of the national constitutional framework, has once again raised the question of what the consequences of the Principle of primacy of the EU law over domestic law are and to what extent this principle, defining the effect of the law of the European integration system on domestic law, can be derogated or limited in view of respecting the national identity of a Member State within its constitutional dimensions. Insofar as different views have been developed regarding the nature and consequences of what has been provided as a requirement to respect the national identity of the Member States in Art. 4, para. 2 TEU, the purpose of this study is to clarify the exact content of the obligations to respect the national identity of the Member States of the European integration system in light of the case law of the Court of Justice. In particular, it aims to answer the question of what specific manifestations this requirement has in relation to the national constitutional framework and whether its inclusion in the primary law of European Union leads to a revision of the established relationship between domestic law and the law of European integration? By a careful reading of the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union this study will prove that the provision in Art. 4, para. 2 TEU does not limit the primacy of the EU law over domestic law, and instead it creates a new explicit basis, allowing to limit the application of the rules of the EU law in a case specifically provided by the Founding Treaties. References: Muton, Zhan-Deni. Yuridicheski razmisli varhu badeshteto na ES. Sofia: Univ. izd. Sv. Kliment Ohridski, 2010. Belov, Martin. Balgarskata konstitutsionna identichnost. Sofia: Sibi, 2017. Arnaiz, A. Saiz, Alcoberro, C. Llivina (eds.). National Constitutional Identity and European Integration. Cambridge: Intersentia, 2013. Besselink, Leonard F. M. National and constitutional identity before and after Lisbon. – Utrecht Law Review, Volume 6, Issue 4, November 2006, 36–49. Bogdandy, Armin von, Schill, Stephan. Overcoming Absolute Primacy: Respect for National Identity under Lisbon Treaty. – Common Market Law Review, 2011, Vol 48, 1417–1454. Bourgorgue-Larsen, L. L’identité constitutionnelle saisie par les juges en Europe. Paris, 2011. Chaltiel, F., Declamp, A., Monjial, P.-Y. (dri.). L’Union européenne et ses Etats membres après le Traité de Lisbonne – Quelle place et quel rôle dévolus aux États et pour quelle Union. Paris: RMCUE, 2012, p. 205. Constantinesco, Vlad. La confrontation entre identité constitutionnelle européenne et identités constitutionnelles nationales – Convergence ou contradiction? Contrepoint ou hiérarchie. – In: Mélanges en l’honneur de Philippe Manin: l’Union européenne: Union de droit, Unions de droits. Paris: Pedone, 2010. Dobbs, M. The Shifting Battleground of Article 4(2) TEU: Evolving National Identities and the corresponding need for EU management? – In: (2015)21(2)EJoCLI. Grewe, Constance. Constitutions nationales et droit de l’Union еuropéenne. – Répertoire communautaire. Paris: Dalloz, № 105. Grewe, Constance, Rideau, Joël. L’identité constitutionnelle des États membres de l’Union européenne: Flash back sur le Coming-out d’un concept ambigu. – In: Chemins d’Europe, Mélanges en l’honneur de Jean-Paul Jacqué. Paris: Dalloz, 2010. Grewe, Constance. Methods of Identification of National Constitutional Identity. – In: A. Saiz Arnaiz, C. Alcoberro Llivina (eds.). National Constitutional Identity and European Integration. Cambridge: Intersentia, 2013. Levade, Anne. Identité constitutionnelle et exigence existentielle: comment concilier l’inconciliable. – In: Masclet, Jean-Claude, Ruiz Fabri, Hélène, Boutayeb, Chahira et Rodrigues, Stéphane (eds), L’Union européenne: Union de droit, Union des droits, Mélanges en l’honneur de Philippe Manin. Paris: Pedon, 2010, p. 109 et seq. Magnette, Paul. Régime politique de l’Union européenne. Paris: Presses de Sciences Po, 2006. Mangiameli, Stefano. The European Union and the Identity of Member States. – L’Europeen formation, № 369, 2013/3, 151–168. Marti, José Luiz. Two different Ideas of Constitutional Identity: Identity of the Constitution v. Identity of the People. – In: A. Saiz Arnaiz, C. Alcoberro Llivina (eds.). National Constitutional Identity and European Integration. Cambridge: Intersentia, 2013. Martin, S. L'identité de l'État dans l'Union européenne : entre «identité nationale» et «identité constitutionnelle». – Revue française de droit constitutionnel, 2012, № 91. Masclet, Jean-Claude, Ruiz Fabri, Hélène Boutayeb, Chahira et Stéphane, Rodrigues (eds). L’Union européenne: Union de droit, Union des droits. Mélanges en l’honneur de Philippe Manin. Paris: Pedon, 2010. Mouton, Jean-Denis. L’État membre entre souveraineté et respect de son identité: quelle Union européenne ? – In: Chaltiel, F., Declamp, A., Monjial, P.-Y.(dri.). L’Union européenne et ses Etats membres après le Traité de Lisbonne – Quelle place et quel rôle dévolus aux États et pour quelle Union. Paris: RMCUE, 2012. Ponthoreau, Marie-Claire. Constitution européenne et identités constitutionnelles nationales. – In: VII Congrès mondial de l’AIDC. Athènes, 2007. Puttler, Adelheid. Le renforcement de la notion d’identité nationale dans l’Union européenne. – In: Rossetto, J., Berramdane, A., Cremer, W., Puttler, A. (dir.). Tours: Presses universitaires François Rabelais, 2010. Rodin, Siniša. National Identity and Market Freedoms after the Lisbon Treaty. – In: Croatian Yearbook of European Law and Policy, (2011)7, 11–41. Rossetto, J., Berramdane, A., Cremer, W., Puttler, A. (dir.). Tours: Presses universitaires François Rabelais, 2010. Rousseau, Dominique. L’identité constitutionnelle, bouclier de l’identité nationale ou branche de l’étoile européenne ? – In: Bourgorgue-Larsen, L. L’identité constitutionnelle saisie par les juges en Europe. Paris, 2011. Simon, Denys. L’identité constitutionnelle dans la jurisprudence de l’Union européenne. – In: L’identité constitutionnelle saisie par les juges en Europe, L. Burgorgue-Larsen (dir.). Paris: Pedone, 2011.
respect of the national identity of the Member states of the European Union
Jurisdiction as regards a dispute arising out of credit agreements for natural persons from EU relating to immovable property
The notion of consumer contract is used frequently in various instruments of the EU law. Even though all these instruments aim at protecting the weaker party they have their own scheme and objectives pursued. Regulation 1215/2012 unlike Directive 2014/17 and Directive 2008/48 does not harmonise the substantive law on consumer contracts, but provides rules determining which court has jurisdiction to hear a case in civil and commercial matters. It strikes the balance between the interests of the weaker party and the legitimate expectations of the professionals and deviates from the definition of consumer contract of the Directives. The Bulgarian case law faces difficulties in the differentiation of consumer contract notion of Regulation 1215/2012 and Directives 2014/17/Directive 2008/48. The purpose of this article is to stress on the differences and to encourage the court to pay special attention to the logic and application of Regulation 1215/2012. References: Museva, Boryana. Vzaimodeystvie ili protivodeystvie mezhdu pravoto na ES i balgarskoto vatreshno pravo pri prilaganeto na Reglament Bryuksel ІA?. – God. SU. Yurid. fak., T. 86, 2019. Museva, Boryana. Zashtitata na targoviyata vs. zashtitata na potrebitelite, svarzani dela S-585/08 i S-144/09. – Evropeyski praven pregled, 2011, № 1. Natov, Nikolay, Boryana Museva, Yasmina Andreeva, Stanislav Yordanski, Teodora Tsenova, Dafina Sarbinova, Vasil Pandov, Zahari Yanakiev, Nikolay Bandakov, Tsvetan Krumov. Reglamentat Bryuksel І. Sofia: Siela, 2012. Pandov, Vasil. Mezhdunarodna kompetentnost po grazhdanski i targovski dela. Sofia: Siela, 2018. Rauscher, Thomas. Europäisches Zivilprozess-und Kollisionsrecht EuZPR/EuIPR, Kom mentar, 2011.
Specific aspects in dismissal during a state of emergency and extraordinary epidemiologic situation
The paper examines the implication of the legislation adopted during the state of emergency and during the extraordinary epidemiologic situation because of Covid–19 on the dismissal regime. The study concludes that the variety of newly introduced regulations do not influence the right of the employer to dismiss employees and has no impact on the expiry of the dismissal notice. The economic difficulties caused by the implemented restrictions lead to an increased number of dismissals on the grounds of art. 328, para 1, p.p. 1–4 and p.12 of the Labour Code. Court decisions which establish contradictory court practices and the imposed restrictions by the state of emergency as a formal ground for dismissal are being analyzed. Special focus is put on the practices for introduction of mass discharges in a state of emergency by employers. References: Aleksandrov, Andrey. Za nyakoi prakticheski problemi pri provezhdaneto na protsedurite po informirane i konsultirane v sluchai na masovi uvolnenia spored balgarskoto trudovo zakonodatelstvo. – V: Yubileen sbornik, posveten na 80-godishninata na prof. V. Mrachkov. Sofia: Trud i pravo, 2014, 363–388. Banov, Hristo. Trudovopravni problemi pri obyavyavaneto na izvanredno polozhenie – I chast. https://news.lex.bg/trudovopravni-problemi-pri-obyavyavan/ Vasilev, Atanas. Trudovo pravo. Burgas: BSU, 1997. Gevrenova, Nina. Predstaviteli na rabotnitsite i sluzhitelite za informirane i konsultirane – ponyatie i kategorii. – V: Aktualni problemi na trudovoto i osiguritelnoto pravo. T. 3. Sofia: Univ. izd. Sv. Kl. Ohridski, 2009, 88-93. Gevrenova, Nina. Vaprosi na pravnata uredba na osnovaniyata za uvolnenie, pri koito se osashtestvyava predvaritelna zakrila. V: Aktualni problemi na trudovoto i osiguritelnoto pravo. T. 5. Sofia: Univ. izd. Sv. Kl. Ohridski, 2011. Gevrenova, Nina. Moment na realizirane na predvaritelnata zakrila. – V: Aktualni problemi na trudovoto pravo. T. 4. Sofia: Univ. izd. Sv. Kl. Ohridski, 2010, 172–188. Gevrenova, Nina. Spetsialna zakrila na rabotnitsite i sluzhitelite s namalena rabotosposobnost. Sofia: Sibi, 2013. Mileva, Atliana. Analitichen pregled na praktikata na Sada na Evropeyskia sayuz otnosno masovite uvolnenia. – V: Aktualni problemi na trudovoto i osiguritelnoto pravo. T. 9. Sofia: Univ. izd. Sv. Kl. Ohridski, 2017, 129–138. Mingov, Emil. Prekratyavane na trudovia dogovor poradi obshti osnovania. Sofia: Sibi, 2004. Mrachkov, Vasil. Uvolnenie po bezvinovni osnovania. Sofia: Nauka i izkustvo, 1966. Mrachkov, Vasil. Trudovo pravo. 10. prerab. i dop. izd., Sofia: Sibi, 2018, 608–612. Mrachkov, Vasil, Vasilev, Atanas, Sredkova, Krasimira. Komentar na Kodeksa na truda. 11. prerab. i dop. izd., Sofia: Sibi, 2013. Sredkova, Krasimira. Trudovo pravo. Spetsialna chast. Dyal I. Individualno trudovo pravo. Sofia: Univ. izd. Sv. Kl. Ohridski, 2011. Malcolm, MacLaren. Towards an Understanding of the recent European Labour Market Reforms: A New Case Study in Comparative Capitalism?, 2 German Law Journal (2001) [http://www.germanlawjournal.com/index.php?pageID=11&artID=38]
On the concept of general enrichment claim in some mixed legal systems
It should be said that, historically, civilian and common law jurisdictions approached unjustified enrichment so differently that meaningful comparison seemed an almost impossibly difficult task. And though until recently one could say with some confidence that acceptance of a general principle against unjustified enrichment was one of the hallmarks of a Civilian system of law, the emergence in modern times of the concept of mixed legal systems increasingly raises again discussions about whether or not the law of unjustified enrichment should be systemized by accepting or not a general clause. For their comparative, jurisprudential and historical interest as systems in which the traditions of the Common Law and the Civil Law have interacted and intermingled over centuries, and, more recently, as possible sources of inspiration, some solutions in mixed-legal systems, concerning the general enrichment claim, are discussed in the present article. A conclusion is driven that without exception, the origins of enrichment law in the major mixed systems - which here I shall take to be Israel, Brazil, Louisiana, Quebec, Scotland and South Africa - lie in the Civil Law tradition. And thus the legislative experience in those mixed legal systems serves us as an argument in favour of the idea that the modern civilian approach in the law of unjustified enrichment is the acceptance of a general clause with confined field of operation through the originally French concept of "subsidiarity". References: Kolen, Ambroaz, Kapitan, Anri. Elementaren kurs po frensko grazhdansko pravo. T. 2, kn. 1 i 2. Zadalzhenia i dogovori. Obshta teoria i iztochnitsi. Sofia, 1929. Mateeva, Ekaterina. Kam uchenieto za pravnite semeystva v savremennostta prez prizmata na chastnoto pravo. – God. SU. Yurid. fak., 86, 2019. Mitev, Krasimir. Vaznikvane i razvitie na ideyata za obsht fakticheski sastav na neosnovatelnoto obogatyavane. – V: Pravnata nauka – traditsii i aktualnost. Plovdiv: Univ. izd. Paisiy Hilendarski, 2012. Alvin, See. An Introduction to the Law of Unjust Enrichment. Malayan Law Journal, 2013, № 5, Research Collection School Of Law. Available at: https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/sol_research/1228. Beatson, Jack, Schrage, Eltjo. Cases, Materials and Texts in the Law of Unjustified Enrichment. Hart Publishing. Oxford, 2003. Visser, Daniel. Cultural Forces in the Making of Mixed Legal Systems. Tulane Law Review, 2003, 47. Birks, P. Mclead. The Implied Contract Theory of QuasiContract: Civil Option Current in the Century Before Blackstone. – Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 1986. Challies, George Swan. The Doctrine of Unjustified Enrichment in the Law of the Province of Quebec. Montreal: Wilson & Lafleur. 2nd edn, 1952. Dawson, John. Indirect Enrichment. – In: Ius Privatum Gentium: Festschrift f¨ur Max Rheinstein. (Ed.by E. von Caemmerer, S. Mentschikoff and K. Zweigert). 1969, vol. II. Dawson, John. Unjust Enrichment: A Comparative Analysis. Chicago, 1951. Dickson, Brice. Unjust Enrichment Claims: A Comparative Overview. – The Cambridge Law Journal, vol. 54, no. 1, 1995, 100–126. Available from: JSTOR, www.jstor.org/ stable/4508037. Descheemaeker, Eric. L’enrichissement injustifié: The Reform of 10 February 2016 in a Historical and Comparative Perspective (July 1, 2019). 3 Tribonien (2019), Forthcoming. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3447009 Dietrich, Jorg. Restitution: A New Perspective. Sydney: Federation Press, 1998. Flume, W. Die ungerechtfertigte Bereicherung nach dem Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuch als eine Rechtsfigur der Bereicherung. – In: 50 Jahre Bundesgerichtshof. Festgabe der Wissenschaft ( Ed. By Canaris et al.), München: 2000 Friedmann, D. Israel: General Survey. – Restitution Law Review, 1993. Gallo, P. Unjust Enrichment: A comparative analysis. – The American journal of Comparative Law, 1992. Gomes, Júlio M. V. Unjust Enrichment: A Few Comparative Remarks. – European Review of Private Law, 2001, № 2. Grantham, Ross, Rickett, Charles. Disgorgement for Unjust Enrichment. – The Cambridge Law Journal, 2003, № 62. Grantham, Ross, Rickett, Charles. On the Subsidiarity of Unjust Enrichment. – Law Quarterly Review, 2001, № 117. Gutteridge, H., David, R. The Doctrine of Unjustified Enrichment. – The Cambridge Law Journal, 1934, № 5. Hallebeek, Jan. Тhe concept of unjust enrichment in late scholasticism. Nijmegen: Gerard Noodt Instituut, 1996. Hogg, Martin. Unjustified enrichment in Scots law twenty years on: Where now? – Restitution Law Review, 2006. Hooker, M., B. Legal. Pluralism: An Introduction to Colonial and Neo-Colonial Laws. Oxford: Oxford Univ Press, 1975. Johnstone, David, Zimmermann, Reinhard. Comparative Law of Unjustified Enrichment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Jooste, Christian, Schrage, Eltjo. Subsidiarity of the General Action for Unjust Enrichment (Part 1), 2016 J. S. Afr. L. 1 (2016). Kötz, H. The Value of Mixed Jurisdictions. – Tulane Law Revie, 2003. Krebs, Tomas. In defence of unjust factors. – In: Unjustified Enrichment: Key Issues in Comparative Perspective. (Ed. by D. Johnston & R. Zimmermann). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. MacQueen, Hector. The Sophistication of Unjustified Enrichment: A Response to Nils Jansen, Edinburgh L. Rev, 2016, № 20, 312–325. MacQueen, Hector. Unjustified Enrichment, Subsidiarity and Contract. – In: Mixed Jurisdictions Compared: Private Law in Louisiana and Scotland. (Ed. by V. Palmer & E. Reid). Edinburgh University Press, 2009. MacQueen, Hector, Sellar, William, Hamilton, David. Unjust enrichment in Scots law. – In: Unjust Enrichment: The Comparative Legal History of the Law of Restitution (Ed. by Schrage, E.L.J). Duncker & Humblot, 1995. MacQueen, Hector. Unjustified Enrichment in Mixed Legal Systems. – Restitution Law Review, 2005, № 13. McInnes, Mitchell. The Canadian Principle of Unjust Enrichment: Comparative Insights into the Law of Restitution. – Alberta Law Review, 1999 № 37. Meier, Sonja. Unjust Factors and Legal Grounds. – In: Unjustified Enrichment: Key Issues in Comparative Perspective. (Ed. by D. Johnston & R. Zimmermann). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Michelon, Claudio. Native Sources and Comparative Resources: Unjustified Enrichment in Brazil after the 2002 Civil Code. – Restitution Law Review, 2014. Nicholas, Barry. Unjust Enrichment and Subsidiarity. – In: Scintillae Iuris, Studi in Memoria di Gino Gorla, Milano.1994, vol. III. Nicholas, Barry. Unjustified Enrichment in the Civil Law and Louisiana Law. – Tul. L. Rev, 1961–1962, № 36. Oakes, Jeffrey L. Article 2298, the Codification of the Principle Forbidding Unjust Enrichment, and the Elimination of Quantum Meruit as a Basis for Recovery in Louisiana. – Louisiana Law Review, 1996, № 56, Available from: https://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/lalrev/vol56/iss4/5 Palmer, Vernon Valentine. Two Rival Theories of Mixed Legal Systems. – Electronic Journal of Comparative Law, 2008, № 1, Available from: www.ejcl.org/121/art121–16.pdf Palmer, Vernon Valentine. Mixed Jurisdictions Worldwide : The Third Legal Family. United Kingdom : Cambridge University Press. 2001. Palmer, Vernon. The Louisiana Civilian Experience: Critiques of Codification in a Mixed Jurisdiction. Carolina: Academic Press. Durham. NC.2005. Plessis, Jack Du. Comparative Law and the Study of Mixed Legal Systems. – In: The Oxford Handbook of Comparative law. (Ed. by M. Reimann & R. Zimmermann). N.Y.: Oxford Univ. Press, 2006. Plessis, Jack Du. Towards a rational structure of liability for unjustified enrichment: thoughts from two mixed jurisdictions. – South Africa Law Journal, 2005, № 122. Rahmatian, Andreas. Alchemistic Metaphors in Comparative Law: Mixed Legal Systems, Reception of Laws and Legal Transplants, Journal of Civil Law Study, 2018, № 11, Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/jcls/vol11/iss2/2. Reid, Dot Thomas. Aquinas and Viscount Stair: The influence of scholastic moral theology on Stair’s account of restitution and recompense. – Journal of Legal History, 2008, № 29. Reid, Kenneth. The Idea of Mixed Legal Systems. – Tulane Law Review, 2003, № 78. Schlechtriem, P., Coen, Ch., Hornung, R. Restitution and Unjust Enrichment in Europe. – European Review of Private Law, Kluwer Law International. Printed in the Netherlands, 2001. Schrage, Eltjo. The Law of Restitution: the History of Dutch Legislation. – In: Unjust Enrichment: The Comparative Legal History of the Law of Restitution (Ed. by Schrage, E.L.J). Berlin : Duncker & Humblot , 1995. Schrage, Eltjo, Nicholas, Barry. Unjust enrichment and the law of restitution. – In: Unjust Enrichment: The Comparative Legal History of the Law of Restitution (Ed. by Schrage, E.L.J). Berlin : Duncker & Humblot, 1995. Sellar, William. Unjust Enrichment. – In: The Laws of Scotland: Stair Memorial Encyclopaedia, 1996, Vol. 15. Sirena, Pietro. The DCFR – Restitution, Unjust Enrichment and Related Issues. – European Review of Contract Law, 2008, № 4. Sonnekus, J. C. Unjustified Enrichment in South African Law. South Africa: LexisNexis. 2008. Tate, Albert. The Louisiana action for unjustified enrichment. Tulane LR, 1976, № 50. Van Zyl, Deon Hurter. The general enrichment action is alive and well. – Acta Juridica, 1992. Visser, Daniel. Cultural Forces in the Making of Mixed Legal Systems. – Tulane Law Review, 2003. Visser, Daniel. Rethinking unjustified enrichment: A perspective of the competition between contractual and enrichment remedies. – Acta Juridica, 1992. Visser, Daniel. Searches for Silver Bullets: Enrichment in Three-Party Situations. – In: Unjustified Enrichment: Key Issues in Comparative Perspective. (Ed. by D. Johnston & R. Zimmermann). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Whitty, Nail. Rationality, nationality and the taxonomy of unjustified enrichment. – In: Unjustified Enrichment: Key Issues in Comparative Perspective. (Ed. by D. Johnston & R. Zimmermann). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Whitty, Nail, Visser, Daniel. Unjustified Enrichment. – In: Mixed Legal Systems in Comparative Perspective: Property and Obligations in Scotland and South Africa.( Ed. by R Zimmermann, D Visser and K Reid), 2004. Wilburg, W. 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Transferability of receivables and the contractual prohibition on assignment in roman private law
The following article puts to critical discussion the transferability of receivables in Roman Private Law in order to establish whether the Romans developed a separate contractual prohibition on assignment ("pactum de non cedendo"). Doubts about the very existence of such a clause may be attributed to the initial intransferability and the subsequent development of several means to circumvent this rigid concept. "Novatio" and "procuratio in rem suam" are institutes, used to achieve an economic result, somewhat similar to the outright transfer of a receivable. The article also notes the adoption of "denuntiatio" as a practice, used to facilitate the new creditor of the claim. As the historical overview clearly lets to reveal, the Romans never adopted a clause prohibiting or limiting the assignment. Such a concept was largely not needed, mainly because of the legislative acts introduced in the VI Century AD, that brought about a high level of legal security for the debtor. However, clauses prohibiting or limiting the transfer of objects were widespread in Roman law. The article aims to present them in a systematic way and to put to critical discussion the interpretation of "pactum de non alienando" in Roman sources by scholars of the School of Natural Law and by Pandectists. This overview allows to establish a link between their work and the subsequent explanation of pactum de non cedendo. References: Andreev, Mihail. Rimsko chastno pravo. 5. prerab. i dop. izd., Sofia: Nauka i izkustvo, 1975. Andreev, Mihail. Rimsko chastno pravo. Sofia: Sofi-R, 1992. Bazanov, Ivan. Kurs po rimsko pravo. T. 1. Sofia: Univ. pechatnitsa, 1940. Venedikov, Petko. Vstapvaneto v pravata na udovletvorenia kreditor v rimskoto i balgarskoto grazhdansko pravo. – God. SU. Yurid. fak., 33, 1938. Venedikov, Petko. Zapiski po rimsko pravo. Sofia: IK Petko Venedikov, 1999. Venedikov, Petko. Klauzi za neotchuzhdaemost. – Yuridicheski arhiv, 1931–1932, № 5–6. Venedikov, Petko. 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Kurs rimskogo chastnogo prava. Per. s ital. Moskva: Izd. BEK, 2002. Strugkov, Vadim. O zakladѣ dolgovыh trebovaniy. 2. izd., Sankt-Peterburg: Tipo-Litogr. R. Golike, 1891. Black’s Law Dictionary. 8. Ed., Thomson West, 2004. Buckland, William. W. A Text-Book on Roman Law. From Augustus to Justinian. Cambridge University Press, 1921. Dorn, Friedrich. § 137 Rechtsgeschäftliches Verfügungsverbot. – Historisch-kritischer Kommentar zum BGB, Band I, Allgemeiner Teil §§ 1–240, Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen, 2003. Emunds, Christian, Harke, Johann. Das ius offerendi et succedendi de nachrangigen Pfandgläubigers. – In: Facetten des römischen Pfandrechts. Studien zur Geschichte und Dogmatik des Privatrechts. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer, 2015. Gesterding, Friedrich. Ausführliche Darstellung der Lehre vom Eigenthum und ähnlichen Rechten, die ihm nahe kommen. Greifswald, 1817. Glück, Christian. Ausführliche Erläuterung der Pandecten nach Hellfeld. 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Welches sind die Wirkungen der gesetzlichen, testamentarischen und vertragsmäßigen Veräußerungsverbote nach dem römischen Rechte? – Zeitschrift für Civilrecht und Prozeß, Band 5, 1832. Leage, Richard. Roman Private Law. London: McMillan & Co Ltd, 1909. Lieberwirth, Rolf. Latein im Recht. Berlin: Staatsverlag der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik, 1988. Lodigkeit, Klaus. Die Entwicklung des Abtretungsverbotes von Forderungen bis zum § 354a HGB. Münster: LIT Verlag, 2004. Lokin, Johannes, Brandsma, Frits, Jansen, Cоrjo. Roman-Frisian Law of the 17th and 18th century. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 2003. Macqueron, Jean. Histoire des Obligations. Le Droit Romain, Aix-en-Provence, 1971. Marasinghe, M. L. An Historical Introduction to the Doctrine of Subrogation: The Early History of the Doctrine I. – In: Valparaiso University Law Review, Fall 1975, vol. 10, № 1. Mitteis, Ludwig. Römisches Privatrecht. Bis auf die Zeit des Diokletians. Ester Band, Leipzig: Verlag von Duncker & Humblot, 1908. Mühlenbruch, Christian F. Die Lehre von der Cession der Forderungsrechte nach den Grundlagen des Römischen Rechtes. Zweite Auflage, Greifswald, 1826. Nefzger, Alexander. Vertragliche Abtretungsverbote. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 2013. Philipson, Dоnald. Development of the Roman Law of Debt Security. – Stanford Law Review, 1968, vol. 20, № 6. Puchta, Georg. Veräußerungen gegen Vertrag: Bemerkungen zu L. 7. §. 2. Dig. de distr. pign. – Zeitschrift für geschichtliche Rechtswissenschaft, Band 12, 1845. Ranieri, Filippo. Europäisches Obligationenrecht. Wien, New York: Springer, 2009. Seuffert, Lothar. Ueber die Wirkung eines vertragsmäßigen Cessionsverbotes. – Archiv für die civilistische Praxis, 51. Bd., Heft 1, 1868. Schanbacher, Dieter. Verpfändungspraxis und Pfandrecht. – Usus Antiquus Juris Romani. Antikes Recht in lebenspraktischer Anwendung. Berlin; Heidelberg: Springer, 2005. Sohm, Rudolf. The Institutes, A Textbook on the History and System of Roman Private Law, 3rd ed., Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1907. Stegemann. Das pactum de non cedendo. – Archiv für die civilistische Praxis, 67. Band, Heft 2, 1884. Taubenschlag, Raphael. The Legislation of Justinian in the Light of the Papyri, Byzantion, vol. 15, 1940–1941. van der Sande, Johan. A Treatise upon Restraints upon the Alienation of Things. Capetown; Johannesburg, 1892. von Gmelin, Christian. „Über das pactum de non alienando”. – Sammlung auserlesener, theils ursprünglich deutschen, theils aus dem lateinischen übersetzter Dissertationen aus dem Gebiete des gemeinen Civilrechtes und Civilprocesses, Herausgegeben von Marquard Adolph Barth in der Von Jenisch– und Stage’schen Buchhandlung. Vierter Band, Augsburg, 1839. von Koppenfels-Spies, Katharina. Die cessio legis. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006. Zimmermann, Reinhard. The Law of Obligations. Roman Foundations of the Civilian Tradition. Cape Town, Wetton, Johannesburg: Juta & Co Ltd, 1990.
Over the content of the charged commercial enterprise
This paper examines the significance of the content of the commercial enterprise, which is subject to a charge. It is analyzed what are the relevant moments at which this content should be clarified for the sake of the valid enforcement of the enterprise charge upon registration of the charge and subsequently – upon registration of the commencement of enforcement vis-à-vis the enterprise as a whole or in respect of specific assets. It is further analyzed the content of the charged enterprise – the major types of assets, on which there are disputes in the doctrine, as well as the issue regarding the enterprise of the sole trader in particular, which has more peculiarities.The obligaitons of the enterprise and the goodwill fall also within the scope of the analysis and their relevance is considered in the light of the prospective enforcement of the charge. References: Andreev, Mihail. Rimsko chastno pravo. 7. izd. Sofia: Sofi-R, 1993. 480 s. Gerdzhikov, Ognyan, Kalaydzhiev, Angel, Kasabova, Kamelia, Buzeva, Tanya, Katsarski, Aleksandar. Komentar na Targovskia zakon. Kn. parva. Chl. 1–112. Sofia: Sofi-R, 2007. 580 s. Gerdzhikov, Ognyan. Po vaprosa za imushtestvoto i kapitala na targovskite druzhestva. Targovsko pravo, 2010, No 2, 7–22. Dikov, Lyuben. Targovsko pravo. Sofia: Pechatnitsa Balkan, 1925. XVI, 1032 s. Ivanov, Dimitar. Osobeniyat zalog v balgarskoto pravo. Sofia: Siela, 2017. 336 s. Kalaydzhiev, Angel. Obligatsionno pravo. Obshta chast. 7. prerab. i dop. izd. Sofia: Sibi, 2016. 840 s. Kalaydzhiev, Angel. Pri kakvi uslovia ipotechnoto pravo, uchredeno varhu teren, shte ima sila za sgradite, postroeni varhu terena. Targovsko pravo, 2015, No 2, 33–38. Kalaydzhiev, Angel. Targovsko pravo. Obshta chast. 3. prerab. i dop. izd. Sofia: Trud i pravo, 2015. 376 s. Katsarov, Konstantin. Kriticheski belezhki varhu pravnata sashtnost na ponyatieto „targovsko predpriyatie“. Sofia: Pechatnitsa na Armeyskia voenno-izdatelski fond, 1933. Katsarov, Konstantin. Sistematichen kurs po balgarsko targovsko pravo. 4. fototip. izd. Sofia: Darzhavna pechatnitsa Georgi Dimitrov, 1990. 1064 s. Landzhev, Boris. Pravoto na chlenstvo v aktsionernoto druzhestvo. Sofia: Trud i pravo, 2000. 224 s. Landzhev, Boris. Targovskoto predpriyatie. Sofia: Siela, 2003. 364 s. Markov, Metodi. V: Nenova, Lilyana. Semeyno pravo. Kn. parva. Sofia: Sofi-R, 2009. (Nova redaktsia M. Markov). 664 s. Mateeva, Ekaterina. Semeyno pravo na Republika Bulgaria. Sofia: VSU Chernorizets Hrabar, 2010. 544 s. Naydenov, Borislav. Osobeni zalozi. Komentar i tekst na Zakona za osobenite zalozi i podzakonovite normativni aktove kam nego. 3. dop. i prerab. izd. Sofia: Feneya, 2000. 232 s. Ruschev, Ivan. Varhu nasledyavaneto na nalichni aktsii i na chlenstveno pravootnoshenie [onlayn]. Dostapna na http://gramada.org/ Stavru, Stoyan. Vaprosi na balgarskoto veshtno pravo. Sofia: Feneya, 2010. Staneva, Anna. V: Tsankova, Tsanka i dr. Komentar na novia Semeen kodeks. Sofia: Trud i pravo, 2009. 688 s. Staneva, Anna. Targovska nesastoyatelnost i sapruzheska imushtestvena obshtnost. Targovsko pravo, 1995, No 4, Stefanov, Georgi. Targovsko pravo. Obshta chast. 3. dop., aktualizirano izd. Veliko Tarnovo: Abagar, 2016. 416 s. Vasilev, Ivaylo. Vpisvane na dogovori za osoben zalog varhu targovsko predpriyatie. Sobstvenost i pravo, 2018, No 7, 55–66. Vasilev, Lyuben. Yuridicheski izsledvania varhu targovskoto predpriyatie. 2. prerab. i dop. izd. Sofia: TedIna, 1995. 216 s. (Nova red. Ch. Goleminov). Wright, Floyd. Tort Responsibility for Destruction of Goodwill. The Cornell Law Review, 1929, Volume 14, Issue 3.
significance of the content of the enterprise
registration of enforcement of enterprise charge