Annual of Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski". Faculty of Law
type: channel
publisher: Университетско издателство "Св. Климент Охридски"
language: bg
publication name: Annual of Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski". Faculty of Law
items: Milestones and undercurrents in the course of the evolution of bulgarian studies on international security after 1989
items: Choice of court agreements under the 2005 Hague Convention
items: The principle of equality in the European Union law – short overview
items: General principles of law as a source of European Union law
items: Additional functions of nuclear deterrence in the modern security environment
items: State, territory and borders through the prism of political realism
items: https://annual.uni-sofia.bg/index.php/law/article/view/1865
items: The international legal personality of the European Union
items: Competence of the European Union in the energy sector
items: Legal nature of annual paid leave
items: Defining the field of application of the EU law
items: Action and reaction between EU law and bulgarian law in the application of Brussels I Recast Regulation
items: Universal civil jurisdiction and forum necessitatis – do they have a standing as per the case – law of the European court of human rigths?
items: Protection of the fundamental rights in European Union law
items: On issues concerning the non traumatic as an factual aspect of the accident at work
items: The future of the workforce in the digital economy era
items: Probation period clause in the employment contract: myths, problems and reality
items: National constitutional identity in the European Union. Raison d‘ être and mechanisms for protection
items: The path to the establishment of receivables as a separate transferable object in legal relations. The emergence of pactum de non cedendo
items: Serial crime in Bulgaria
items: Income as a source of tax liabilities of the individuals
items: The principle of good administration in the EU law and the АPC
items: On the status of judicial jurisprudence as a source of law
items: The role of NATO in the transformation of the 21st century security paradigm
items: The relationship between domestic law and European Union law in light of the case law of the court of justice concerning the constitutional identity of the member states of the EU
items: Jurisdiction as regards a dispute arising out of credit agreements for natural persons from EU relating to immovable property
items: Specific aspects in dismissal during a state of emergency and extraordinary epidemiologic situation
items: On the concept of general enrichment claim in some mixed legal systems
items: Transferability of receivables and the contractual prohibition on assignment in roman private law
items: Over the content of the charged commercial enterprise

Milestones and undercurrents in the course of the evolution of bulgarian studies on international security after 1989
type: item
description: This review follows three decades of the Bulgarian academic debate on international security. It analyzes the run-up to Bulgaria’s U-turn from bloc solidarity to Euro-Atlantic integration dynamics and studies the aftermath of the persistently inactive stance towards global commitments. It verifies three assumptions in conjunction with three structural and temporal units of the research: during the 1990s Bulgarian epistemic community has shifted the paradigm to inclusion and adaptation within the complex interdependence and has been making attempts to abstain from being stereotyped with its turbulent neighborhood; through-out the 2000s Bulgarian scholars have become more self-reflective and sensitive to the Europeanization perspective and more critical towards sporadic failures to be a loyal ally and an accountable member-state; the 2010s saw Bulgarian academia and practitioners becoming a little bit reticent as to the deepening perspectives in international security studies although they still actively contribute to broadening the debate with new issues. References: Aktualizirana strategia za natsionalna sigurnost na Republika Bulgaria, prieta s Reshenie na NS ot 14.03.2018 g., obnarodvana v DV, br. 26 ot 23.03.2018 g., dostapna na sayta na MO: https://www.mod.bg/bg/doc/cooperation/20181005_Akt_strateg_NS_RB.pdf Aleksandrov, Evgeni i dr. Balkanskata sigurnost. Politicheski i voenni problemi. Sofia: IK „Hristo Botev“, 1995. [Izdanie na Tsentar za strategicheski izsledvania i Asotsiatsiyata za natsionalni, regionalni i evropeyski politologicheski izsledvania (ANREPI)]. Aleksandrov, Evgeni. Bulgaria i problemat za sayuznitsite. – Voenen zhurnal, No 1, 1995. Aleksandrov, Evgeni. Problemat za sayuznitsite i natsionalnata sigurnost. – Doklad ot Konferentsiyata „Natsionalnata nesigurnost – predizvikatelstva za Bulgaria“. – Mezhdunarodni otnoshenia, No 3, 1994. Angelov, Anyu, Tsanchev, Dimitar i dr. Aspekti na sigurnostta. [Sbornik]. Sofia: Diplomaticheski institut kam MVnR…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: international security studies
  topic: keywords
subject: Bulgarian epistemic community
  topic: keywords
subject: academic debate
  topic: keywords
creator: Mira Kaneva
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-08-19
publication date: 2025-08-19
starting page: 434
ending page: 468

Choice of court agreements under the 2005 Hague Convention
type: item
description: The 2005 Choice of Court Agreements Convention is an example of a successfully adopted international instrument of the Hague Conference on Private International Law regulating direct international jurisdiction in civil and commercial matters. The Convention brings in place an international legal regime for exclusive choice of court agreements between parties to commercial transactions and for recognition and enforcement of judgments resulting from proceedings based on such agreements. Given the scope of application (choice of court agreements and recognition and enforcement of judgments resulting from proceedings based on such agreements) and the structure of the Convention, one of its goals is to achieve results similar to these of the 1958 New York Convention of on Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards in the field of arbitration agreements and the resulting arbitral awards. In this article an analysis of the key provisions of the 2005 Hague Convention is made – concerning its scope of application, the effect of choice of court agreements and the recognition and enforcement of the judgment made by a court of a Contracting State chosen under an exclusive choice of court agreement. The application of the Convention’s provisions is examined in the context of the global-scale project for recognition and enforcement of court judgements in commercial matters and the interaction with the most significant regional instrument on the matter – Regulation (EU) No. 1215/2012. A comparison is made between the key provisions of the Convention and the relevant rules of the EU regulation. References: Sarbinova, Dafina. Deystvitelni li sa ednostrannite yurisdiktsionni klauzi? – Targovsko i obligatsionno pravo, 2013, No 7, 27–40. Ahmed, M. and Beaumont, P. Exclusive choice of court agreements: some issues on the Hague Convention on choice of court agreements and its relationship with the Brussels I recast especially anti-suit injunctions, concurrent proceedings and …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: choice of court agreements
  topic: keywords
subject: international jurisdiction
  topic: keywords
subject: exclusive jurisdiction
  topic: keywords
subject: Hague Convention on Choice of Court Agreements
  topic: keywords
subject: Regulation (EU) No. 1215/2012
  topic: keywords
subject: recognition and enforcement of court judgements
  topic: keywords
subject: civil and commercial matters
  topic: keywords
creator: Dafina Sarbinova
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-08-19
publication date: 2025-08-19
starting page: 398
ending page: 433

The principle of equality in the European Union law – short overview
type: item
description: The principle of equality has a comprehensive manifestation in the law of the European Union. The current study has several tasks: to provide an overview of the historical development of the idea of equality; to trace the emergence and development of the principle of equality in European Union law through primary law, secondary legislation and analyze the practical aspects of this principle in the case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Union. References: Aristotel, Politika. Sofia: Otvoreno obshtestvo, 1995. Yotov, Stiliyan. Avtonomia i dostoynstvo. – V: Avtonomia i bioetika. Ch. 2. Sofia: Kritika i humanizam, 2011. Yotov, Stiliyan. Choveshkoto dostoynstvo v meditsinata. – Sotsiologicheski problemi, 2013, No 3–4. Yotov, Stiliyan. Choveshko dostoynstvo i prava. Agata-A, 2016. Yotov, Stiliyan. Choveshko dostoynstvo i samouvazhenie, Profesionalen praven sayt „Predizvikay pravoto!“, 20 april 2014 g. Mrachkov, Vasil. Trudovo pravo. 7. prerab. i dop. izd. Sofia: Sibi, 2010. Semov, Atanas. Deklaratsiyata ot 9 may 1950 g. („Planat na Mone i Shuman“) – genialno politichesko prozrenie i dalgosrochna programa na evropeyskata integratsia – V: Mari-Frans Kristof-Chakalov i dr., Lektsii na Mezhdunarodnata magistarska programa Pravo na ES. T. 2. Aktualni problemi na ES, Tsentar za prodalzhаvashto obuchenie, YuF na SU, Sofia: Universitetsko izdatelstvo „Sv. Kliment Ohridski“, 2013. Semov, Atanas. Opredelyane na prilozhnoto pole na pravoto na ES. – God. SU. Yurid. fak., 86, 2019. Semov, Atanas. Prava na grazhdanite na ES. T. 1. Praven rezhim na zashtitata na pravata na choveka v Evropeyskia sayuz. Sofia: Universitetsko izdatelstvo „Sv. Kliment Ohridski“, Biblioteka „Studii po Evropeysko pravo“, 2013. Semov, Atanas. Prava na grazhdanite na Evropeyskia sayuz. T. 2. Praven rezhim na grazhdanstvoto na ES i na svobodnoto dvizhenie. Sofia: Universitetsko izdatelstvo „Sv. Kliment Ohridski“, 2013. Hristev, Hristo. Dogovorat ot Lisabon – nova epoha v zashtitata na osnovnite prava v…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: principle of equality
  topic: keywords
subject: non-discrimination
  topic: keywords
subject: equality as non-discrimination
  topic: keywords
subject: equality of results
  topic: keywords
subject: equality in opportunity
  topic: keywords
subject: economic dimensions of equality
  topic: keywords
subject: EU freedoms of movement
  topic: keywords
creator: Martin Babarov
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-08-19
publication date: 2025-08-19
starting page: 357
ending page: 397

General principles of law as a source of European Union law
type: item
description: The general principles of law are unwritten source of European Union law, derived in the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union. They have particular significance in the context of the formation and the development of the legal system of European integration, giving particular expression to its autonomy vis-à-vis domestic and international law and having a determining importance for the structuring and consolidation of the integration legal order. The general principles of law give rise to specific rules binding on the EU institutions, the authorities of the Member States and, in some cases, on private law subjects. Compliance with them may be the subject of legality review before the CJEU or national courts in connection with the adoption and the application of EU law. They can serve as a guide in the interpretation of provisions of primary or secondary law, as well as justifying ground for the liability of the Union or the Member States for damage caused to private parties. Although the positive legal framework of European integration has grown considerably over the years, and the EU institutional system has various norm-setting mechanisms, some of which allow EU law to be amended quickly and effectively, general principles of law remain undoubtedly a source of crucial importance, which will continue to play a determining role in the evolution of European integration and its legal system. References: Kostov, Stanislav. Aktove na Sada na Evropeyskia sayuz. Pravni posleditsi. Sofia: Sibi, 2011. Popova, Zhasmin. Pravo na Evropeyskia sayuz. 3. osn. prerab. i dop. izd. Sofia: Siela, 2015. Semov, Atanas. Sistema na iztochnitsite na pravoto na Evropeyskia sayuz. Sofia: Universitetsko izdatelstvo „Sv. Kliment Ohridski“, 2009. Stoilov, Yanaki. Pravnite printsipi. Teoria i prilozhenie. Sofia: Sibi, 2018. Stoynev, Ivan. Vazmozhnost za pozovavane na mezhdunarodnite sporazumenia na Evropeyskia sayuz pri osashtestvyavane na kontrol za validnost po reda na chl. 2…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: General principles of law
  topic: keywords
subject: EU law
  topic: keywords
subject: Court of Justice of the European Union
  topic: keywords
subject: unwritten sources
  topic: keywords
creator: Hristo Hristev
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-08-19
publication date: 2025-08-19
starting page: 323
ending page: 356

Additional functions of nuclear deterrence in the modern security environment
type: item
description: The time is right for a fundamental rethinking of the role of nuclear weapons in national defense and of the composition of current nuclear forces. The Cold War is over, but it has been replaced by new threats to our national security. Technology, is inexorably advancing, creating both dangers and opportunities for the main actors. This paper analyzes the future role of nuclear weapons in national and international security, describes the roles and limitations of advanced conventional weapons in meeting strategic needs, and suggests several alternate scenarios for future nuclear forces. References: Arbman, Gunnar and Thornton, Charles. Russia’s Tactical Nuclear Weapons. Stockholm: Swedish Defense Research Agency. Bernstein, Paul and Caves, John Jr. The Future Nuclear Landscape. Washington D.C.: Center for the Study of Weapons of Mass Destruction, 2007. Biddle, Stephen and Feaver, Peter. Battlefi eld Nuclear Weapons: Issues and Options. Boston: University Press of America, 1989. Brown, Harold. Thinking about National Security: Defense and Foreign Policy in a Dangerous World. Boulder: Westview Press, 1983. Bunn, Elaine. Can Deterrence be Tailored? Washington D.C.: National Defense University, 2008. Cerami, Joseph. Defensive Use of Tactical Nuclear Weapons. Washington D.C.: RAND Corporation, 1982. Cirincione, Joseph. Bomb Scare: The History and Future of Nuclear Weapons. New York: Columbia University Press, 2007. De Santana, Anne Harrington. Nuclear Weapons as the Currency of Power. Monterey: Monterey Institute of Intenational Studies, 2009. Drell, Sidney and Goodby, James. What Are Nuclear Weapons For? Recommendations for Restructuring U.S. Strategic Nuclear Forces. Washington D.C.: Arms Control Association, 2005. Halperin, Mortin. Nuclear Fallacy: Dispelling the Myth of Nuclear Strategy. Cambridge: Ballinger, 1987. Khalilzad, Zalmay, et al. The U.S. and a Rising China: Strategic and Military Implications. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation, 1999. Oelrich, Ivan. Missions …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: deterrence
  topic: keywords
subject: security
  topic: keywords
subject: nuclear weapons
  topic: keywords
creator: Ivo Tsekov
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-08-19
publication date: 2025-08-19
starting page: 541
ending page: 557

State, territory and borders through the prism of political realism
type: item
description: This article makes an overview of the 250 years’ shift in the classical geopolitical thought, the way space is framed within this paradigm and the impact on the state and its essential elements: sovereignty, territory and borders. Several stages of the development of the scholarly research, which are actually involved in a more or less open dialogue with one another, are explored through an approach, called historical cartography. The conceptual framework relates to International Relations theory, and more specifically –political Realism, as defined in Hans Morgenthau’s six postulates. The structure of the argumentation sets out at the more primitive and deterministic perceptions of state territory as a living organism, fighting for survival, goes through the drive for domination and the expansionist aspirations for large spaces, and arrives at the final destination – extreme political dogmas for a hegemonic world order. The conclusions attempt at finding some rationality in this evolution and at clarifying the reasons why sometimes revolutionary turns do happen. References: Batakliev, Ivan. Geografskoto edinstvo na balgarskite zemi. Izvestia na balgarskoto geografsko druzhestvo, 9, [1941]. Prepech. v: Voenen zhurnal, 1999, No 5, 114–120. Genov, Georgi P. Edna tazhna desetgodishnina. Nyoyskiyat miren dogovor. V: Narodnostna darzhava i mezhdunarodno pravo. [Rechi, studii i statii]. Sofia: UI Sv. Kl. Ohridski, 2012, 96–134. Dronchilov, Krum. Politicheskata granitsa. God. SU. Ist.-filolog. fak., 21, 1925, 1-24. Prepech. v: Voenen zhurnal, 1999, No 2, 120–130. Ishirkov, Anastas. Politichesko-geografsko shvashtane za darzhavata. Nauchen pregled, 1929, No 1, 56–61. Prepech. v: Voenen zhurnal, 1999, No 1, 123–125. Karastoyanov, Stefan. Politicheska geografia, geopolitika, geostrategia: Istoria, teoria, praktika. 3. osn. prerab. izd. Sofia.: UI. Sv. Kl. Ohridski, 2008, 292 s. Kisindzhar, Henri. Svetoven red. Sofia: Trud, 2015. Makinder, Halford. Geografskata os na istoriyat…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: borders
  topic: keywords
subject: state
  topic: keywords
subject: territory
  topic: keywords
subject: sovereignty
  topic: keywords
subject: space
  topic: keywords
subject: geopolitics
  topic: keywords
subject: realism
  topic: keywords
creator: Mira Kaneva
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-08-19
publication date: 2025-08-19
starting page: 512
ending page: 540

https://annual.uni-sofia.bg/index.php/law/article/view/1865
type: item
title: Restricting the powers of the European Commission and national competition authorities to enforce european antitrust prohibitions in the light of the protection of fundamental rights and freedoms in the EU
description: This paper explores the complex interaction between the EU competition law and the system of protection of fundamental rights and freedoms established in the Union. A special focus is done on the constraints on competition law enforcement (at Union and national level) in the context of the procedural rights and safeguards, guaranteed to the undertakings by the Charter of Fundamental Rights, the European Convention of Human Rights and the practice of the Court of Justice of the European Union. Nowadays, this subject is even more relevant in the light of recent legal amendments and the adoption of the new Directive 2019/1 of Council and Parliament on harmonization of some aspects of national procedural rules, aimed to increase the effectiveness of the prohibitions under Art. 101 and Art. 102 TFEU.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: competition
  topic: keywords
subject: antitrust
  topic: keywords
subject: fundamental rights
  topic: keywords
subject: enforcement powers
  topic: keywords
subject: rights of fair trial
  topic: keywords
creator: Ivan Stoynev
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-08-19
publication date: 2025-08-19
starting page: 477
ending page: 511

The international legal personality of the European Union
type: item
description: Abstract: Following the revision made by the Treaty of Lisbon, which entered into force in 2009, the European Union replaced the European Community and became its successor, and Article 47 TEU expressly conferred legal personality to the Union. In this sense, the issue of the EU’s single legal personality ensuing directly from a treaty was resolved 10 years ago. However, the relevance of the topic of legal personality under public international law has remained. The present study aims at achieving a theoretical overview of the problem of the international legal personality of international organizations, not only because this personality reveals certain specificities, but also because of the disposition to perceive the European Union as a structure that, in some aspects, is similar to an international organization. By analysing the legal personality of the Union against the background of this quality of international organizations, it is confirmed that the international legal status of the EU is precisely between a state and a classical international organization. It is established that the European Union is a sui generis formation. This feature also manifests itself in the way the issue of the EU international legal personality has been settled. The methodology used in the study relies thoroughly on the summary and analysis of different academic opinions in the specialized scientifi c literature. In such a way, the research demonstrates the scope of the debate in the doctrine on the legal personality of the European Union and traces out its evolution. References: Vidin, Blagoy. Mezhdunarodno publichno pravo. Obshta chast. Sofia: Sofi-R, 1999. 320 s. Zhake, Zhan Pol. Institutsionno pravo na Evropeyskia sayuz. Sofia: Univ. izd. Sv. Kl. Ohridski, 2007. 624 s. Bogdadndy, Armin von. The Legal Case for Unity: The European Union as a Single Organization with a Single Legal System. Common Market Law Review, 36 – II, 1999, 887–910. Bogdadndy, Armin von, Nettesheim, Martin. …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: international law
  topic: keywords
subject: international organizations
  topic: keywords
subject: international legal personality
  topic: keywords
subject: European Union
  topic: keywords
creator: Marieta Rabohchiyska
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-08-19
publication date: 2025-08-19
starting page: 450
ending page: 476

Competence of the European Union in the energy sector
type: item
description: The present study explores the dynamics of European union’s competence in a very specific area of the economy, strongly dominated by national interests, which is energy. Energy policy has always been seen as a kind of paradox of the European integration process, insofar as two of the three founding treaties, signed in the 1950s, aimed an integration in energy sectors, but, even today, it is difficult to accept unequivocally, that the Union has an effective energy policy. There are several reasons for this. First, the initial lack of general competence of the European Community, today the EU, in relation to the energy sector did not allow the latter to build a comprehensive, coherent, and complete energy policy. This normative gap forces institutions to use other legal instruments to regulate public relations in this industry. A method which of course has its drawbacks and limits. The Lisbon revision of the founding treaties introduced a significant change in this respect, providing explicit competence of the Union in the field of energy, as well as providing it a specific article that would serve as a legal basis for the activities in the sector undertaken by the EU institutions. However, the analysis of this new regulation reveals that, despite the indisputable progress that has been made over the years, the European Union still cannot boast an effective energy policy and guarantee its energy independence. The leading role of the Member States on key energy issues remains. The envisaged primary legal framework reveals several weaknesses and gaps, key among which are the lack of explicit external competence and the subordination of energy policy in relation to other Union policies. References: I. Monografii, uchebnitsi, izsledvania na evropeyski institutsii Gotron, Zhan-Klod. Evropeysko pravo. Sofia: Universitetsko izdatelstvo „Sv. Kliment Ohridski“, 2006. Hristev, Hristo, Vatreshen pazar i osnovni svobodi na dvizhenie v pravoto na Evropeyskia sayuz. Sofia: Siela, 2…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: energy
  topic: keywords
subject: competence
  topic: keywords
subject: energy policy
  topic: keywords
subject: flexibility clause
  topic: keywords
subject: subsidiarity
  topic: keywords
subject: climate changes
  topic: keywords
creator: Ivan Stoynev
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-08-19
publication date: 2025-08-19
starting page: 281
ending page: 322

Legal nature of annual paid leave
type: item
description: This article examines the right to annual paid leave as element of the content of employment. The paper focuses on the hallmarks of the right to annual paid leave and the moment it arises. References: Balgarsko grazhdansko protsesualno pravo. 10. prerab. i dop. izd. Sofia: Siela, 2020. Gevrenova, Nina. Neobhodimo sadarzhanie na individualnia trudov dogovor. Sofia: Siela, 2021. Gevrenova, Nina. Pravilnikat za vatreshnia trudov red. Sofia: Sibi, 2007. Grazhdanski protsesualen kodeks. Prilozhen komentar. Problemi na pravoprilaganeto. Analiz na sadebnata praktika. 2. prerab. i dop. izd. Sofia: Trud i pravo, 2017. Kolev, Tencho. Teoria na pravoto. Sofia: Siela, 2015. Mrachkov, Vasil, Krasimira Sredkova, Atanas Vasilev, Emil Mingov. Komentar na kodeksa na truda. 13. prerab. i dop. izd. Sofia: Sibi, 2021. Mrachkov, Vasil. Subektivno pravo i subektivni trudovi prava. Sofia: Sibi, 2017. Mrachkov, Vasil. Trudovo pravo. 10. prerab. i dop. izd. Sofia: Sibi, 2018. Pavlova, Maria. Grazhdansko pravo. Obshta chast. 2. prerab. i dop. izd. Sofia: Sofi-R, 2002. Ruschev, Ivan. Pritezatelnoto subektivno pravo. Pretentsiyata, pritezanieto i pravoto na isk. – V: Sbornik v pamet na prof. d-r Zhivko Stalev. Sofia: Siela, 2009. Sredkova, Krasimira. Trudovo pravo. Spetsialna chast. D. 1. Individualno trudovo pravo. Sofia: Universitetsko izdatelstvo „Sv. Kliment Ohridski“, 2011. Tadzher, Vitali. Grazhdansko pravo na NRB. Obshta chast. D. 1. 2. izd. Sofia: Sofi-R, 2001. Tashev, Rosen. Obshta teoria na pravoto. Osnovni pravni ponyatia. 4. prerab. i dop. izd. Sofia: Sibi, 2010.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: subjective right
  topic: keywords
subject: annual paid leave
  topic: keywords
subject: right to an annual paid leave
  topic: keywords
subject: remuneration
  topic: keywords
creator: Georgi Stoyanov
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-08-19
publication date: 2025-08-19
starting page: 263
ending page: 280

Defining the field of application of the EU law
type: item
description: The problem of determination of the field of application of EU law is of a big theoretical and practical importance. It directly and entirely determines the invocation of all EU acts including the Charter of fundamental rights of the EU. The problem is also connected to the terminological difference between “implementation” and “field of application” (or “scope of”). In order to be able to correctly define whether an internal situation falls in the scope of EU law (with all consequences, established in the same EU law) we need to establish a system of criteria. Achieving a clear view on the matter is only possible on the ground through the analysis of the EU Court of Justice jurisprudence. References: Semov, Atanas. Osobenosti na rolyata na generalnia advokat v Sada na ES. www.eu.bg. Semov, Atanas. Pravna Sistema na ES. Fundamentalna doktrina za evropeyskata integratsia. Iztochnitsi na Pravoto na ES. Printsipi na prilagane na Pravoto na ES. Sofia: Univ. izd. Sv. Kl. Ohridski, Inst. po Evropeysko pravo, 2017. 640 s. Semov, Atanas. Preyuditsialno zapitvane. (Proizvodstvoto za preyuditsialni zapitvania kato garant za dobro pravosadie i za realizatsia na osnovnoto pravo na grazhdanite na dostap do sad. Izvodi za rolyata na natsionalnite yurisdiktsii v aktualnata praktika na SES). Obshtestvo i pravo, 2016, No 3, 3–21; No 4, 3–19. Semov, Atanas. Savremenno mezhdunarodno pravorazdavane. T. II. Sadat na Evropeyskia sayuz. S., Institut po mezhdunarodno pravo, Institut po evropeysko pravo, 2011. 536 s. (Bibliogr.: 433–470). Semov, Atanas. Savremenno mezhdunarodno pravorazdavane. Izmeneniyata v pravnata uredba na sadebnata sistema na ES sled Lisabonskia dogovor. [Prilozhenie kam t. II. Sadat na Evropeyskia sayuz]. Sofia: Institut po mezhdunarodno pravo, Institut po evropeysko pravo, 2013. 140 s. Semov, Atanas. Fundamentalnata doktrina za evropeyskata integratsia. (Osnovni osobenosti na sayuznia praven red spored Stanovishte 2/13 na Sada na ES. Osnovni printsipi na sayuznata pr…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: EU Law
  topic: keywords
subject: field of application
  topic: keywords
subject: implementation
  topic: keywords
subject: application
  topic: keywords
subject: invocation
  topic: keywords
subject: criteria
  topic: keywords
subject: Charter of fundamental rights of the EU
  topic: keywords
creator: Atanas Semov
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-08-19
publication date: 2025-08-19
starting page: 411
ending page: 449

Action and reaction between EU law and bulgarian law in the application of Brussels I Recast Regulation
type: item
description: Bulgaria is participating at the judicial cooperation in civil matters with cross-border implications entailed currently in the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union for more than 10 years now. One of the most important instruments in this field is Regulation (EU) No 1215/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2012 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters (so called Brussels I Recast Regulation). This paper focuses on two aspects connected with the ratio personae of Brussels I Recast Regulation. The first one is devoted to the application of Brussels I Recast Regulation towards natural persons, depending to large extend on their domicile in an EU Member State. Unfortunately there is no definition of the “domicile” of natural persons contained in Brussels I Recast Regulation. This question is left to the Member States as envisaged in Article 62. At the same time there are some guidelines that can be drawn indirectly from the Regulation and from the previous instruments on the same matter. The Bulgarian case law determining the domicile of a natural persons under the Bulgarian standards but in sense of the Brussels I Recast Regulation is controversial. There are three different views of the Bulgarian Court of Cassation in this regard. This ambivalent understanding of the domicile creates uncertainty and unpredictability. This paper suggests way out of this conflicting situation proposing inter alia a possible request for preliminary ruling of ECJ. The second aspect is devoted to the possibility of lodging a claim against a third party in an action on a warranty or guarantee or in any other third-party proceedings in the court of the domicile of the main defendant in situations when the court is seized with the original proceedings. The legal frame is established in Article 8, point 2 of Brussels I Recast Regulation. The problem lies in a Bulgarian rule contained in Article 219…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: international jurisdiction
  topic: keywords
subject: Regulation 1215/2012
  topic: keywords
subject: preliminary ruling
  topic: keywords
subject: domicile
  topic: keywords
subject: third party
  topic: keywords
subject: relationship between domestic law and EU law
  topic: keywords
creator: Boriana Musseva
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-08-19
publication date: 2025-08-19
starting page: 389
ending page: 410

Universal civil jurisdiction and forum necessitatis – do they have a standing as per the case – law of the European court of human rigths?
type: item
description: The right of fair trial as per art.6, para.1 of European Convention on Human Rights is understood to provide for access to court in civil claims and it is a general test for compliance of all grounds of international jurisdiction. Its application is dominated by the procedural character of the notion whereas the subject matter of the dispute has lesser value even in cases of infringement of jus cogens rules against torture. The case law of European Court of Human Rights as it stands leaves no room for so – called universal civil jurisdiction and invest states with significant margin of discretion in defining the characteristics of the link between the court and the claim. The general trend for self – restraint by states in the exercise of judicial powers, where the cases are only tenuously connected with the respective jurisdiction, is inherent in the application of the right to fair trial. Human rights victims could hope for future evolution in the field of international civil jurisdiction since the matter is dynamic and the jurisprudence of the ECtHR is also possible to evolve. References: Natov, Nikolay. Zaobikalyane na zakona v mezhdunarodnoto chastno pravo. BAMP. Trudove po mezhdunarodno pravo, tom V, Sofia, 2000. Natov, Nikolay, Yordanka Zidarova, Vasil Pandov, Boryana Museva, Stanislav Yordanski, Yasmina Andreeva, Dafina Sarbinova, Teodora Tsenova, Ivelin Kirchev. Mezhdunarodniyat dogovor – iztochnik na mezhdunarodnoto chastno pravo. Sofia: Siela, 2013, s. 251-263. Pandov, Vasil. Mezhdunarodna kompetentnost na sada po neobhodimost (Forum necessitatis). – Targovsko pravo, 2011, №1, 41-53. Pandov, Vasil. Mezhdunarodna kompetentnost po grazhdanski i targovski dela. Sofia: Siela, 2018, s. 184-205. Bonomi, Andrea, Patrick Wautelet. Le droit europeen des successions. Commentaire du Reglement No 650/2012 du 4 juillet 2012. Bruylant. Bruxelles, 2013, p. 28. Bucher, Andreas. La competence universelle civile. – RCADI, vol. 372, 2014, p. 21. Fawcett, James, Maire N. Shu…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: universal jurisdiction
  topic: keywords
subject: Forum necessitatis
  topic: keywords
subject: right of access to court
  topic: keywords
subject: case of Nait – Liman v. Switzerland of European Court of Human Rights
  topic: keywords
creator: Vassil Pandov
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-08-19
publication date: 2025-08-19
starting page: 321
ending page: 336

Protection of the fundamental rights in European Union law
type: item
description: Clarifying the context of development of the EU mechanism for protection of the fundamental rights until the binding effect of the Charter, the present study aims to examine what key provisions in the protection mechanism derive from the Charter and what main trends of evolution in this mechanism emerge in the first years of application of the Charter as a key element of the legal regime for the protection of fundamental rights in the European Union. The study examines the rulings derived by the Court of Justice on the scope of application of the Charter, the specific rules of interpretation set out therein, the distinction between the protection of genuine subjective rights and the rights-principles and the conditions for imposing limitations on fundamental rights. The research focuses on the outlined line of restrictive reading by the Court of Justice of some key provisions determining the application and the effectiveness of the legal regime for protection of fundamental rights in EU law, while defending the understanding that overcoming this „judicial policy“ on the evolution of the fundamental rights protection and the establishment of a high level of protection vis-à-vis of the national protection mechanisms and the international achievements is crucial for preserving the EU’s legitimacy in the eyes of citizens and for strengthening the Union as a community based on the rule of law. References: Benoa-Romer, Florans. Prava na choveka v Evropa i mehanizmi za tyahnata zashtita. – V: Zapiski po pravo na Evropeyskia sayuz. T. 1. Institutsionno pravo. Sofia: Univ. izd. Sv. Kliment Ohridski, 2009, s. 137-185. Anderson, David, Cian C. Murpy. The Charter of Fundamental Rights: History and Prospects in Post-Lisbon Europe. – EUI Working Papers Law, 2011/8. Bailleux, Antoine. Article 52-2. Portée et interprétation des droits et principes. In: Fabrice Picod, Van Drooghenbroeck, Sébastien (dir.). Charte des droits fondamentaux de l’Union européenne. Commentaire article par …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: protection of the fundamental rights
  topic: keywords
subject: Charter of Fundamental Rights
  topic: keywords
subject: scope of application of the Charter of Fundamental Rghts
  topic: keywords
subject: references to the Charter of Fundamental Rights
  topic: keywords
subject: limitations of the fundamental rights
  topic: keywords
subject: case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union
  topic: keywords
creator: Hristo Hristev
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-08-19
publication date: 2025-08-19
starting page: 267
ending page: 320

On issues concerning the non traumatic as an factual aspect of the accident at work
type: item
description: The non-traumatic injury is examined as a particular case of work accident. It is a disease – a deviation from normal health conditions, which is not caused by trauma but is related to extreme work conditions. The study proves that a non-traumatic injury could be qualified as a work accident, in case there is a functional connection with the work conditions. The specifics of the non-traumatic injury as well as the complicated administrative and judiciary practice of qualifying it as a work accident and determining its relation to the work conditions, justifies a necessity for improvement of the legislation. References: Angusheva, Vanyusha. Ponyatieto „trudova zlopoluka“. God. SU. Yurid. fak., 67, [1976], 1977, No 1, 109–150. Gevrenova, Nina. Zdravoslovni i bezopasni uslovia na trud. [Normativni aktove. Sadebna praktika. Administrativna praktika. Prilozhen komentar]. Sofia: IK Trud i pravo, 2003. 576 s. (Avt.: § 2; § 3, t. І – 1, 3, 5 i 6, t. ІІ – 8; § 4; § 6, t. ІІІ). (Saavt.: Sredkova, Krasimira, Yanev, Ivan). Genova, Yaroslava. Osigureni litsa v DOO. Sofia: Siela, 2010. 372 s. Mingov, Emil. Obezshtetenia pri vremenna nerabotosposobnost. Sofia: Sibi, 2002. 220 s. (Bibliogr.: s. 205–206). Mingov, Emil. Ponyatiyata „nerabotosposobnost“ i „netrudosposobnost“ v balgarskoto osiguritelno zakonodatelstvo. Savremenno pravo, 2001, No 2, 22–33. Mrachkov, Vasil. Imushtestvena otgovornost na rabotodatelya pri smart ili uvrezhdane na zdraveto na rabotnika ili sluzhitelya. Sofia: Sibi, 2013. 296 s. Mrachkov, Vasil. Osiguritelno pravo. 6. prerab. i dop. izd. Sofia: Sibi, 2014. 504 s. Sredkova, Krasimira. Osiguritelno pravo. 5. prerab. i dop. izd. Sofia: Sibi, 2016. 648 s. (Azbuchen ukazatel: s. 642–647). Vasilev, Atanas. Imushtestvena otgovornost na rabotodatelya za vredi ot trudova zlopoluka i profesionalno zabolyavane. Sofia: Interyus, 1997. 80 s.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: non traumatic injury
  topic: keywords
subject: an accident at work
  topic: keywords
subject: disease
  topic: keywords
subject: connection between the injury and the work
  topic: keywords
creator: Tsveta Popova
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-08-19
publication date: 2025-08-19
starting page: 366
ending page: 388

The future of the workforce in the digital economy era
type: item
description: In the times of the post-industrial era, where the artificial intelligence finds more and more space in public production, the question of the future of the workforce poses interesting issues that are the subject of this article. The danger of people getting out of work due to job losses puts the problem of education and the plan for the future at the forefront, taking into account the possibility of one day being replaced by something or someone who requires neither rest, rights or salary.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Artificial intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: robotization of production
  topic: keywords
subject: losing of workplaces
  topic: keywords
subject: new thinking about the labor market
  topic: keywords
subject: support for the current workforce
  topic: keywords
subject: high education
  topic: keywords
subject: training plan and higher standards
  topic: keywords
creator: Emil Mingov
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-08-19
publication date: 2025-08-19
starting page: 357
ending page: 365

Probation period clause in the employment contract: myths, problems and reality
type: item
description: The focus of this article is the probation period clause in employment contracts and the specific legal effects that this clause has on the legal relationship between the employer and employee. By comparing the probation period clause with the term and termination condition clauses, the fundamental differences of these three modalities of the employment contract are explored and explained. The paper dives into the possibility to establish simultaneously a probation period clause and a term of employment clause in the same contract, while also focusing on the practical challenges that such combination may give rise to. The paper argues in favor of the theory, that the probation period clause has three elements, further expanding on the legal limits to negotiating these three elements, as well as the legal consequences in the event of a breach. The criteria for identifying what classifies two employment positions as “identical”, “similar” or “different” are enlisted in the context of the general prohibition for negotiating more than one probation period clause for two identical positions, between two identical parties in an employment relationship. The most common practical problems, arising out of the use of the probation period clause and the recent case law trends are explored in detail. Taking all of the findings into account, the paper finishes by giving specific recommendation for changes in the law that will overturn some case law interpretations, creating a less prohibitive legislative regime and allowing a broader practical use of the probation period clause. References: Gevrenova, Nina, Po nyakoi vaprosi za opredelenite srokove na individualnite trudovi pravootnoshenia. V: Yubileen sbornik, posveten na 80-godishninata na prof. d.yu.n. Vasil Mrachkov. Sofia: Trud i pravo, 2014, 277–298. Genova, Yaroslava. Predpriyatieto polzvatel v individualnoto trudovo pravootnoshenie, Plovdiv: UI „Paisiy Hilendarski“, 2015. 376 s. Koycheva, Rayna. Nyakoi pravni vaprosi na …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: probation period (clause)
  topic: keywords
subject: term of the employment contract
  topic: keywords
subject: termination condition of the employment contract
  topic: keywords
subject: modality
  topic: keywords
subject: right to unilateral termination of the employment contract
  topic: keywords
subject: subject of negotiation
  topic: keywords
subject: exclusive employment clause
  topic: keywords
subject: legal limits to the right of contracting
  topic: keywords
subject: holder of the right to probation period
  topic: keywords
subject: position title/employment position, for which there is a probation period
  topic: keywords
subject: length of the probation period
  topic: keywords
creator: Nina Gevrenova
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-08-19
publication date: 2025-08-19
starting page: 325
ending page: 356

National constitutional identity in the European Union. Raison d‘ être and mechanisms for protection
type: item
description: National constitutional identity (NCI) in the EU is a principle of the EU, counterweight to the principles of integration, genuine cooperation, effectiveness and primacy. The right to protection of national constitutional identity is an element of the status of integrated State. There is a distinct boundary to the restriction of sovereignty of member States and the primacy of EU law: they do not affect the essential elements of NCI of member States. But then, there is also a boundary to member States’ right to defend their national NCI: it may not affect the essence, the raison d’être and the core principles of EU legal order. The concept of national constitutional identity is an autonomous Union concept, a comprehensive concept, and a concept reflecting only specific material peculiarities of a particular member State. A ruling given by the national constitutional jurisdiction is necessary but not mandatory. This defence cannot be implemented in practice without confirmation (recognition) by the CJEU. That court may not monitor proprio motu. Hence, the CJEU must be seized, and this can only be done by following the procedures laid down in Articles 258-259, 263 and 267 TFEU. If the CJEU grants (recognises) an element of the national constitutional identity of a member State, the effects consist in the right of that member State (and of any subject to its law) to deviate from the fulfillment of the obligations arising from EU law (and above all from the principle of primacy). Therefore, respect for national constitutional identity requires an eurolawfriendly approach from the national jurisdictions and an identityfriendly approach from the CJEU. References: Belov, Martin. Balgarskata konstitutsionna identichnost. Sofia: Sibi, 2017. Semov, Atanas. Zachitane na natsionalnata konstitutsionna identichnost v Evropeyskia sayuz. Parva chast. Logika na printsipa, status na integriranata darzhava, ponyatie i proyavlenia na identichnostta. – Obshtestvo i pravo, 2021, № 4; Vtor…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: national identity
  topic: keywords
subject: satus of the integrated State
  topic: keywords
subject: derogation
  topic: keywords
subject: mechanisms of protection
  topic: keywords
subject: consequences in case of pronouncing of the CJEU
  topic: keywords
creator: Atanas Semov
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-08-19
publication date: 2025-08-19
starting page: 198
ending page: 266

The path to the establishment of receivables as a separate transferable object in legal relations. The emergence of pactum de non cedendo
type: item
description: The present article discusses the historical development of the notion “res” after the downfall of the Western Roman Empire and its gradual reduction to corporeal things only. This process is accompanied by the evolution of the receivable as a separate and independent object of legal relationships. The School of Natural Law affirms the free alienability of all assets, incl. receivables. However, its representatives do not feel the need to re-introduce the well-known Roman legal prohibitions to change the creditor in certain situations where this might prove detrimental to the debtor’s interests. This, in turn, calls for the development of a new legal means, aimed at promoting the legal protection of the debtor. The first scholar to propose a new type of legal approach that allows parties to bond the receivable to the initial creditor, thus depriving it of its transferability with an effect vis-à-vis any third party, was Christian Mühlenbruch. However, subsequent generations of legal scholars remained divided on the issue. Some of them denied the possibility for parties to exclude receivables from participation in civil and commercial flow. At the turn of the 19th century, there were two main scientific explanations regarding the nature and legal consequences of pactum de non cedendo. References: Andreev, Mihail. Rimsko chastno pravo. Sofia: Sofi-R, 1992. Bazanov, Ivan. Kurs po rimsko pravo. T. 1. Sofia: Univ. pech., 1940. Venedikov, Petko. Zapiski po rimsko pravo. Sofia: Petko Venedikov, 1999. Venedikov, Petko. Sistema na balgarskoto nasledstveno pravo. Sofia: Pech. Knipegraf, 1939. Dyunan, Zhan-Filip, Pishona, Paskal. Rimsko pravo. Rechnik na osnownite termini. 2. prerab. i dop. izd., Sofia: Siela, 2010. Planiol, Marsel. Elementarno rakovodstvo po grazhdansko pravo. Spetsialni dogovori. Prev. T. Naslednikov, Sofia: Kooperativna pechatnitsa Napred, 1919. Affolter, Friedrich Xaver. Das römische Institutionensystem, sein Wesen und seine Geschichte. Berlin: Puttkammer …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: res
  topic: keywords
subject: contractual prohibition on alienation
  topic: keywords
subject: pactum de non alienando
  topic: keywords
subject: pactum de non cedendo
  topic: keywords
subject: Roman law tradition
  topic: keywords
subject: School of Natural Law
  topic: keywords
subject: Pandectists
  topic: keywords
creator: Dimitar Stoyanov
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-08-19
publication date: 2025-08-19
starting page: 135
ending page: 197

Serial crime in Bulgaria
type: item
description: Based on a combined criminological, legal, psychological and historical analysis and analysis of convicts’ development during penalty execution upon OASys system of recidivism-risk assessments, the article presents a typology of the serial-crime cases known to the Bulgarian judicial practice. The factors and general features of serial crime, the perpetrator’s profile and the motivation and perpetration mechanisms of the series have been established out of case-by-case study, as well as criteria for recognition of the phenomenon in bordering cases. The judicial response has been analysed and complications in the legal qualification and the penalty individualization discussed. References: Elenkov, Ivan. Orbiti na sotsialisticheskoto vsekidnevie. Sofia: Siela, 2018. Ilkova, Ralitsa, Ranchev, Ivan. Kriminologia. Obshta chast. [Uchebno pomagalo]. Sofia: Siela, 2020. Koycheva, Penka. Psihopatologia na seriynite ubiytsi. – Psihologicheski forum, 2004, № 4. Pushkarova, Iva. Obshta harakteristika na seriynata prestapna deynost. Razgranichenie ot organiziranata prestapna deynost. – Obshtestvo i pravo, 2008, № 1. Pushkarova, Iva. Otvlichaneto v savkupnost s drugi prestaplenia: problemi na kvalifikatsiyata i individualizatsiyata v sadebnata praktika. – God. SU. Yurid. fak., 87, [2020], 2021. Stoynov, Aleksandar. Nakazatelno pravo. Obshta chast. 2. izd. Sofia: Siela, 2019. Uilsan, Kolin, Uilsan, Deyman. Napisano s krav. Istoria na sadebnoto razsledvane. Sofia: Bard, 2005. Hristoskova, Nadezhda. Psihologicheski analiz na seriynia prestapnik. – Yuridichesko spisanie na NBU, 2011, № 1. Abrahamsen, David. The Murdering Mind. NY: Harper & Row, 1973. Arieti, Silvano, Shreiber, Flora Rheta. Multiple Murders Of A Schizophrenic Patient: A Psychodynamic Interpretation. – Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, 1981. Arnott, Jake. True Crime. – RSA Journal 158, 2012, № 5549. Brittain, Robert P. The Sadistic Murderer. // Medicine, Science and the Law, 1967. Douglas, John, Olshake…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: serial crime
  topic: keywords
subject: sexual crime
  topic: keywords
subject: murder
  topic: keywords
subject: multiple crime
  topic: keywords
subject: recidivism
  topic: keywords
subject: life imprisonment
  topic: keywords
subject: legal sanity
  topic: keywords
subject: exceptional criminal perpetrator
  topic: keywords
subject: non-correctable criminal actor
  topic: keywords
subject: rigid criminal conduct
  topic: keywords
creator: Iva Pushkarova
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-08-19
publication date: 2025-08-19
starting page: 104
ending page: 134

Income as a source of tax liabilities of the individuals
type: item
description: This article is devoted to the importance of the legal regime of income as a source of tax liabilities for individuals. The legal characteristics of income as an object of taxation in a historical and positive legal context are considered. The attention is focused on the structure of the income tax, established by the Personal Income Tax Act, the systems of income coverage and its establishment for tax purposes. References: Angelov, Angel. Finansovo pravo na NRB. Sofia: Nauka i izkustvo, 1955. Valchev, Daniel. Lektsii po obshta teoria na pravoto. Ch. 2. Sofia: Siela, 2019. Kostov, Milcho. Finansovi pravni otnoshenia. Sofia: BAN, 1979. Kuchev, Strashimir. Byudzhetnite prihodi na NRB. Sofia: Nauka i izkustvo, 1982. Kuchev, Yuriy. Avtonomia na danachnoto pravo. Sofia: LiStra, 2002. Minkova, Ganeta. Danachno pravo. Kn. 1. Materialno danachno pravo. Sofia: Feneya, 1997. Penov, Sasho. Praven rezhim na korporativnoto podohodno oblagane. Sofia: Univ. izd. Sv. Kl. Ohridski, 2000. Penov, Sasho. Finansovo pravo. Spetsialna chast. Sofia: Univ. izd. Sv. Kl. Ohridski, 2020. Petkanov, Georgi. Danachen protses. Sofia: Tilia, 1996. Petrova, Vera. Kontseptualni osnovi na dohoda v savremennoto schetovodstvo. – https://dlib.uni-svishtov.bg/bitstream/handle/10610/3284/ Stefanov, Hristo, Stoyanov, Rusi, Hristov, Haralambi. Rakovodstvo po Naredba-zakon za danaka varhu prihodite. 2. prerab. i dop. izd., Sofia: Pechatnitsa Knipegrafa, 1940. Stoyanov, Ivan. Yuridicheski fakti v danachnoto pravo. Sofia: Feneya, 2011. Stoyanov, Petko. Danachno pravo. 3. dop. i prerab. izd. Sofia: BAN, 1994. Stoyanov, Petko. Osnovni nachala na finansovata nauka. Sofia: 1935. Tsonev, Hristofor. Komentar na Zakona za danaka varhu prihodite. Sofia: Pech. S. M. Stoykova, 1933. Ault, Hugh, Arnold, Brian, Cooper, Graeme. Comparative Income Taxation: A Structural Analysis, 4-th edition, Kluwer Law International, 2019. Cnossen, Sijbren. Taxing Capital Income in the Nordic Countries: A Model in the EU?. Taxing Capital I…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Income
  topic: keywords
subject: Individual Income Tax
  topic: keywords
subject: Schedular system
  topic: keywords
subject: Global system
  topic: keywords
creator: Evelina Dimitrova
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-08-19
publication date: 2025-08-19
starting page: 85
ending page: 103

The principle of good administration in the EU law and the АPC
type: item
description: In addition to those principles which are traditional of Bulgarian administrative law, such as the principle of ex officio, equality, autonomy and impartiality, basic principles of the EU law have also been proclaimed in the Administrative Procedure Code (APC) in view of the accession of the Republic of Bulgaria to the EU. Either in whole or in part – through some of their components – these principles are new to Bulgarian administrative law. One of them is the principle of good administration. The case law of the Court of Justice of the EU has affirmed good administration as a general principle of the EU law, and Art. 41 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU regulates good administration as a complex right, the components of which are rights that represent principles of the EU administrative law. In the APC, the principle of good administration is not separately proclaimed; yet, its elements form part of the content of other principles regulated by the Code, namely those of legality, proportionality, transparency, impartiality. The disclosure of the content of this principle and its regulation through the APC makes it possible to establish the significance of its components for determining the essential characteristics of the principles that these components form part of, as well as to establish whether their application is guaranteed by the framework governing the administrative procedural rights and obligations of the parties and the ruling authority in the proceedings under the Code. References: Aleksandrov, Andrey. Osnovni prava na titulyarite na lichni danni i sposobi za pravnata im zashtita. – Sobstvenost i pravo, 2016, № 10. Van Dayk, P., van Huuf, G. Y. H. Evropeyskata konventsia za pravata na choveka – teoria i praktika. Sofia: Fondatsia Balgarski advokati za pravata na choveka, 2000. XXVI, 806 s. Dimitrov, Dobri. Administrativen protses. Obshta i spetsialna chast. Po obshtata i spetsialnata klauza. 7. prerab. i dop. izd., Sofia: Siela, 2003. 556 …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: principle of good administration
  topic: keywords
subject: right to have cases heard within a reasonable time
  topic: keywords
subject: right to be heard
  topic: keywords
subject: right to participate in proceedings
  topic: keywords
subject: right to a fair and impartial hearing of the case
  topic: keywords
subject: obligation to state reasons for administrative acts
  topic: keywords
subject: ‘active’ and ‘passive’ access to information of the parties to the proceedings
  topic: keywords
creator: Emiliya Panayotova
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-08-19
publication date: 2025-08-19
starting page: 55
ending page: 84

On the status of judicial jurisprudence as a source of law
type: item
description: The present study examines if case law should be considered a source of law in the Civil-law-context of Bulgarian legal system. For these purpose two approaches are compared − the traditional normativism based on the European legal dogmatics and the legal realism. The normative approach denies the status of legal source to case law, pointing to the lack of written legal rule that makes the observance of previous decisions mandatory for the courts. The second approach − that of legal realism, is practically unknown in Bulgaria. Legal realists, including the authors of this school presented here − Alf Ross and Karl Olivecrona, criticize the traditional approach, arguing that as a science, law must examine certain facts, and the very “facts” that can be somehow connected to the law are the judicial decisions. In order to compare these two approaches, I analyze both the different opinions on the issue in Bulgaria and the relationship between lawmaking and law enforcement. I try to show that the very nature of the law to regulate through general prescriptions, expressed in linguistic form, requires from the courts to specify the statutory norms in a more detailed way, developing and completing their meaning in their acts. The traditional understanding that there is no legal basis for the mandatory observance of case law by courts is rejected by the demonstration of a thesis on the existence of such an obligation, which can be deduced from individual provisions of the Bulgarian Constitution and the Judiciary Act, and from the principle of the legal state. References: Vasilev, Lyuben. Grazhdansko pravo. Obshta chast. [1956]. Nova redaktsia na Ch. Goleminov. Varna, 1993. Valchev, Daniel. Lektsii po Obshta teoria na pravoto. Ch. 1. Sofia: Siela, 2016. Ganev, Venelin. Izvori na pravoto, talkuvanie i prilozhenie. Yuridicheski arhiv, 1934, god. V, kn. 3. Gotsev, Vasil. Dogovorna i deliktna otgovornost – sravnenie i konkurentsia. Sofia: Nauka i izkustvo, 1979. Groysman, Simeon. …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Judicial jurisprudence
  topic: keywords
subject: sources of law
  topic: keywords
subject: lawmaking
  topic: keywords
subject: judicial reasoning
  topic: keywords
subject: legal interpretation
  topic: keywords
subject: legal realism
  topic: keywords
subject: Hans Kelsen
  topic: keywords
subject: Alf Ross
  topic: keywords
subject: Karl Olivecrona
  topic: keywords
subject: Herbert Hart
  topic: keywords
subject: law and language
  topic: keywords
creator: Simeon Groysman
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-08-19
publication date: 2025-08-19
starting page: 5
ending page: 54

The role of NATO in the transformation of the 21st century security paradigm
type: item
description: NATO celebrated its seventieth anniversary in 2019. Since the end of the Cold War, many have been predicting the organization’s death—or, at least, its irrelevance. While such predictions have so far been proved wrong, NATO, widely hailed as the most successful security alliance in modern history, has consistently been facing new set of challenges. As NATO embarks on its next seventy years, it will need to work harder and more creatively and strategically to sustain the security that its member states take for granted. References: Dineva, Silvia, Georgieva, Olya, 29/11/2010. Novite izmerenia v strategicheskia podhod na NATO i otnoshenieto im kam savremennite predizvikatelstva pred sigurnostta. SKP, SU „Sv. Kliment Ohridski“. Milina, Velichka. Novata paradigma na energiynata sigurnost. Sofia: Voenna akademia „G. S. Rakovski“, 2013. Arvind, Om. Norwegian PM explains how NATO can help combat climate change. Atlantic Council, 2019. Dokos, Thanos. The Security Implications of Crime, Terrorism, and Trafficking. Carnegie Europe, November 2019. Drent, Margriet and Hendriks, Rob, Zandee, Dick. New Threats, New EU and NATO Responses. Clingendael, 2015. Goldschmidt, Pierre and Techau, Jan. The New Challenges to Global Security: NATO's Response, 2011. Kaplan, Eben. Terrorists and the Internet. Council on Foreign Relations, 2018. Katsirdakis, G. NATO and Defense Reform, Collection of Papers: Military Reform – Experiences and Challenges, CCMR, Belgrade, 2003. Kulesa, Lukasz. The Future of Deterrence: Effectiveness and Limitations of Conventional and Nuclear Postures. Carnegie Europe, 2019. Sebok, Endre. NATO-UN relations: looking ahead after 10 years of expanding cooperation. NATO Review, September 2018. Shea, Jamie. NATO in the Era of Global Complexity. Carnegie Europe, 2019. Simic, Jasminka. Challenges Facing NATO in the 21st Century. Research Gate, 2010. Tucker, Patrick. NATO Getting More Aggressive on Offensive Cyber. Defense One, May 2019. Werrell, Caitlyn and Femia, Frances…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: NATO
  topic: keywords
subject: security environment
  topic: keywords
subject: non-traditional threats
  topic: keywords
subject: Euro-Atlantic cooperation
  topic: keywords
creator: Ivo Tsekov
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-08-19
publication date: 2025-08-19
starting page: 426
ending page: 446

The relationship between domestic law and European Union law in light of the case law of the court of justice concerning the constitutional identity of the member states of the EU
type: item
description: The question of the relationship between domestic law and the law of the European integration has been one of the major issues in the doctrine of EU law and in the doctrine of domestic law within the Member States since the first years of the European process. Although, after the affirmation of the Principle of primacy in the case law of the Court of Justice, this issue was generally considered clarified, the introduction of an explicit requirement to respect the national identity of the Member States by the Maastricht Treaty and the possible manifestations of this requirement, associated with basic elements of the national constitutional framework, has once again raised the question of what the consequences of the Principle of primacy of the EU law over domestic law are and to what extent this principle, defining the effect of the law of the European integration system on domestic law, can be derogated or limited in view of respecting the national identity of a Member State within its constitutional dimensions. Insofar as different views have been developed regarding the nature and consequences of what has been provided as a requirement to respect the national identity of the Member States in Art. 4, para. 2 TEU, the purpose of this study is to clarify the exact content of the obligations to respect the national identity of the Member States of the European integration system in light of the case law of the Court of Justice. In particular, it aims to answer the question of what specific manifestations this requirement has in relation to the national constitutional framework and whether its inclusion in the primary law of European Union leads to a revision of the established relationship between domestic law and the law of European integration? By a careful reading of the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union this study will prove that the provision in Art. 4, para. 2 TEU does not limit the primacy of the EU law over domestic law, and instead it cre…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: respect of the national identity of the Member states of the European Union
  topic: keywords
subject: national constitutional identity
  topic: keywords
subject: principle of primacy
  topic: keywords
subject: relationship between domestic law and EU law
  topic: keywords
subject: case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union
  topic: keywords
creator: Hristo Hristev
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-08-19
publication date: 2025-08-19
starting page: 395
ending page: 425

Jurisdiction as regards a dispute arising out of credit agreements for natural persons from EU relating to immovable property
type: item
description: The notion of consumer contract is used frequently in various instruments of the EU law. Even though all these instruments aim at protecting the weaker party they have their own scheme and objectives pursued. Regulation 1215/2012 unlike Directive 2014/17 and Directive 2008/48 does not harmonise the substantive law on consumer contracts, but provides rules determining which court has jurisdiction to hear a case in civil and commercial matters. It strikes the balance between the interests of the weaker party and the legitimate expectations of the professionals and deviates from the definition of consumer contract of the Directives. The Bulgarian case law faces difficulties in the differentiation of consumer contract notion of Regulation 1215/2012 and Directives 2014/17/Directive 2008/48. The purpose of this article is to stress on the differences and to encourage the court to pay special attention to the logic and application of Regulation 1215/2012. References: Museva, Boryana. Vzaimodeystvie ili protivodeystvie mezhdu pravoto na ES i balgarskoto vatreshno pravo pri prilaganeto na Reglament Bryuksel ІA?. – God. SU. Yurid. fak., T. 86, 2019. Museva, Boryana. Zashtitata na targoviyata vs. zashtitata na potrebitelite, svarzani dela S-585/08 i S-144/09. – Evropeyski praven pregled, 2011, № 1. Natov, Nikolay, Boryana Museva, Yasmina Andreeva, Stanislav Yordanski, Teodora Tsenova, Dafina Sarbinova, Vasil Pandov, Zahari Yanakiev, Nikolay Bandakov, Tsvetan Krumov. Reglamentat Bryuksel І. Sofia: Siela, 2012. Pandov, Vasil. Mezhdunarodna kompetentnost po grazhdanski i targovski dela. Sofia: Siela, 2018. Rauscher, Thomas. Europäisches Zivilprozess-und Kollisionsrecht EuZPR/EuIPR, Kom mentar, 2011.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: jurisdiction
  topic: keywords
subject: consumer contracts
  topic: keywords
subject: Regulation 1215/2012
  topic: keywords
subject: Directive 2014/17
  topic: keywords
subject: Directive 2008/48
  topic: keywords
subject: qualification
  topic: keywords
creator: Boriana Musseva
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-08-19
publication date: 2025-08-19
starting page: 377
ending page: 394

Specific aspects in dismissal during a state of emergency and extraordinary epidemiologic situation
type: item
description: The paper examines the implication of the legislation adopted during the state of emergency and during the extraordinary epidemiologic situation because of Covid–19 on the dismissal regime. The study concludes that the variety of newly introduced regulations do not influence the right of the employer to dismiss employees and has no impact on the expiry of the dismissal notice. The economic difficulties caused by the implemented restrictions lead to an increased number of dismissals on the grounds of art. 328, para 1, p.p. 1–4 and p.12 of the Labour Code. Court decisions which establish contradictory court practices and the imposed restrictions by the state of emergency as a formal ground for dismissal are being analyzed. Special focus is put on the practices for introduction of mass discharges in a state of emergency by employers. References: Aleksandrov, Andrey. Za nyakoi prakticheski problemi pri provezhdaneto na protsedurite po informirane i konsultirane v sluchai na masovi uvolnenia spored balgarskoto trudovo zakonodatelstvo. – V: Yubileen sbornik, posveten na 80-godishninata na prof. V. Mrachkov. Sofia: Trud i pravo, 2014, 363–388. Banov, Hristo. Trudovopravni problemi pri obyavyavaneto na izvanredno polozhenie – I chast. https://news.lex.bg/trudovopravni-problemi-pri-obyavyavan/ Vasilev, Atanas. Trudovo pravo. Burgas: BSU, 1997. Gevrenova, Nina. Predstaviteli na rabotnitsite i sluzhitelite za informirane i konsultirane – ponyatie i kategorii. – V: Aktualni problemi na trudovoto i osiguritelnoto pravo. T. 3. Sofia: Univ. izd. Sv. Kl. Ohridski, 2009, 88-93. Gevrenova, Nina. Vaprosi na pravnata uredba na osnovaniyata za uvolnenie, pri koito se osashtestvyava predvaritelna zakrila. V: Aktualni problemi na trudovoto i osiguritelnoto pravo. T. 5. Sofia: Univ. izd. Sv. Kl. Ohridski, 2011. Gevrenova, Nina. Moment na realizirane na predvaritelnata zakrila. – V: Aktualni problemi na trudovoto pravo. T. 4. Sofia: Univ. izd. Sv. Kl. Ohridski, 2010, 172–188. Gevrenova, Nin…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: labour relationship
  topic: keywords
subject: Labour Code
  topic: keywords
subject: a dismissa
  topic: keywords
subject: a state of emergency
  topic: keywords
subject: extraordinary measures
  topic: keywords
subject: Covid–19
  topic: keywords
subject: a part of the undertaking
  topic: keywords
subject: objective impossibility
  topic: keywords
creator: Tsveta Popova
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-08-19
publication date: 2025-08-19
starting page: 336
ending page: 376

On the concept of general enrichment claim in some mixed legal systems
type: item
description: It should be said that, historically, civilian and common law jurisdictions approached unjustified enrichment so differently that meaningful comparison seemed an almost impossibly difficult task. And though until recently one could say with some confidence that acceptance of a general principle against unjustified enrichment was one of the hallmarks of a Civilian system of law, the emergence in modern times of the concept of mixed legal systems increasingly raises again discussions about whether or not the law of unjustified enrichment should be systemized by accepting or not a general clause. For their comparative, jurisprudential and historical interest as systems in which the traditions of the Common Law and the Civil Law have interacted and intermingled over centuries, and, more recently, as possible sources of inspiration, some solutions in mixed-legal systems, concerning the general enrichment claim, are discussed in the present article. A conclusion is driven that without exception, the origins of enrichment law in the major mixed systems - which here I shall take to be Israel, Brazil, Louisiana, Quebec, Scotland and South Africa - lie in the Civil Law tradition. And thus the legislative experience in those mixed legal systems serves us as an argument in favour of the idea that the modern civilian approach in the law of unjustified enrichment is the acceptance of a general clause with confined field of operation through the originally French concept of "subsidiarity". References: Kolen, Ambroaz, Kapitan, Anri. Elementaren kurs po frensko grazhdansko pravo. T. 2, kn. 1 i 2. Zadalzhenia i dogovori. Obshta teoria i iztochnitsi. Sofia, 1929. Mateeva, Ekaterina. Kam uchenieto za pravnite semeystva v savremennostta prez prizmata na chastnoto pravo. – God. SU. Yurid. fak., 86, 2019. Mitev, Krasimir. Vaznikvane i razvitie na ideyata za obsht fakticheski sastav na neosnovatelnoto obogatyavane. – V: Pravnata nauka – traditsii i aktualnost. Plovdiv: Univ. izd. Paisiy Hi…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: general enrichment claim
  topic: keywords
subject: unjustifi ed enrichment
  topic: keywords
subject: mixed legal jurisdictions
  topic: keywords
subject: comparative law
  topic: keywords
subject: subsidiarity
  topic: keywords
creator: Irina Bogdanova
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-08-19
publication date: 2025-08-19
starting page: 300
ending page: 335

Transferability of receivables and the contractual prohibition on assignment in roman private law
type: item
description: The following article puts to critical discussion the transferability of receivables in Roman Private Law in order to establish whether the Romans developed a separate contractual prohibition on assignment ("pactum de non cedendo"). Doubts about the very existence of such a clause may be attributed to the initial intransferability and the subsequent development of several means to circumvent this rigid concept. "Novatio" and "procuratio in rem suam" are institutes, used to achieve an economic result, somewhat similar to the outright transfer of a receivable. The article also notes the adoption of "denuntiatio" as a practice, used to facilitate the new creditor of the claim. As the historical overview clearly lets to reveal, the Romans never adopted a clause prohibiting or limiting the assignment. Such a concept was largely not needed, mainly because of the legislative acts introduced in the VI Century AD, that brought about a high level of legal security for the debtor. However, clauses prohibiting or limiting the transfer of objects were widespread in Roman law. The article aims to present them in a systematic way and to put to critical discussion the interpretation of "pactum de non alienando" in Roman sources by scholars of the School of Natural Law and by Pandectists. This overview allows to establish a link between their work and the subsequent explanation of pactum de non cedendo. References: Andreev, Mihail. Rimsko chastno pravo. 5. prerab. i dop. izd., Sofia: Nauka i izkustvo, 1975. Andreev, Mihail. Rimsko chastno pravo. Sofia: Sofi-R, 1992. Bazanov, Ivan. Kurs po rimsko pravo. T. 1. Sofia: Univ. pechatnitsa, 1940. Venedikov, Petko. Vstapvaneto v pravata na udovletvorenia kreditor v rimskoto i balgarskoto grazhdansko pravo. – God. SU. Yurid. fak., 33, 1938. Venedikov, Petko. Zapiski po rimsko pravo. Sofia: IK Petko Venedikov, 1999. Venedikov, Petko. Klauzi za neotchuzhdaemost. – Yuridicheski arhiv, 1931–1932, № 5–6. Venedikov, Petko. Ius distrahendi pri zalo…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: contractual prohibition on alienation
  topic: keywords
subject: pactum de non cedendo
  topic: keywords
subject: Roman Law
  topic: keywords
subject: Corpus Iuris Civilis
  topic: keywords
creator: Dimitar Stoyanov
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-08-19
publication date: 2025-08-19
starting page: 237
ending page: 299

Over the content of the charged commercial enterprise
type: item
description: This paper examines the significance of the content of the commercial enterprise, which is subject to a charge. It is analyzed what are the relevant moments at which this content should be clarified for the sake of the valid enforcement of the enterprise charge upon registration of the charge and subsequently – upon registration of the commencement of enforcement vis-à-vis the enterprise as a whole or in respect of specific assets. It is further analyzed the content of the charged enterprise – the major types of assets, on which there are disputes in the doctrine, as well as the issue regarding the enterprise of the sole trader in particular, which has more peculiarities.The obligaitons of the enterprise and the goodwill fall also within the scope of the analysis and their relevance is considered in the light of the prospective enforcement of the charge. References: Andreev, Mihail. Rimsko chastno pravo. 7. izd. Sofia: Sofi-R, 1993. 480 s. Gerdzhikov, Ognyan, Kalaydzhiev, Angel, Kasabova, Kamelia, Buzeva, Tanya, Katsarski, Aleksandar. Komentar na Targovskia zakon. Kn. parva. Chl. 1–112. Sofia: Sofi-R, 2007. 580 s. Gerdzhikov, Ognyan. Po vaprosa za imushtestvoto i kapitala na targovskite druzhestva. Targovsko pravo, 2010, No 2, 7–22. Dikov, Lyuben. Targovsko pravo. Sofia: Pechatnitsa Balkan, 1925. XVI, 1032 s. Ivanov, Dimitar. Osobeniyat zalog v balgarskoto pravo. Sofia: Siela, 2017. 336 s. Kalaydzhiev, Angel. Obligatsionno pravo. Obshta chast. 7. prerab. i dop. izd. Sofia: Sibi, 2016. 840 s. Kalaydzhiev, Angel. Pri kakvi uslovia ipotechnoto pravo, uchredeno varhu teren, shte ima sila za sgradite, postroeni varhu terena. Targovsko pravo, 2015, No 2, 33–38. Kalaydzhiev, Angel. Targovsko pravo. Obshta chast. 3. prerab. i dop. izd. Sofia: Trud i pravo, 2015. 376 s. Katsarov, Konstantin. Kriticheski belezhki varhu pravnata sashtnost na ponyatieto „targovsko predpriyatie“. Sofia: Pechatnitsa na Armeyskia voenno-izdatelski fond, 1933. Katsarov, Konstantin. Sistematichen ku…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: enterprise
  topic: keywords
subject: charge
  topic: keywords
subject: content of the enterprise
  topic: keywords
subject: significance of the content of the enterprise
  topic: keywords
subject: registration of enforcement of enterprise charge
  topic: keywords
creator: Georgi Georgiev
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-08-19
publication date: 2025-08-19
starting page: 295
ending page: 324