Graphomotor skills screening of primary school students for identifying evelopmental coordination disorder signs

Abstract

This publication aims to present an author’s tool for graphomotor skills assessment of primary school students (second to fourth grade) for differentiating children with problems in the development of these skills and indications for developmental coordination disorder. Assessments like so are accomplished with different methods and approaches, and are in their beginning in Bulgaria. Hundred and seven students took part in the following study, based on the evaluating of handwriting speed and legibility, graphic models and figures copying, buttoning and tying shoelaces task, and emotions self-evaluating of daily life activities performance. Writing grasps and sitting posture during the writing process were defined additionally. Standard statistic methods were applied for data analysis. The results show dependency between the development of fine motoric in activities of daily life and the level of graphomotor skills, handwriting velocity, and legibility.

References:

Atanasova-Trifonova, M., Peneva, L., Stoyanova, Yu., Yancheva, I., Yadkova, L., Mutafchieva, M., & Kolcheva, N. (2015). Standarti za razvitie i uchene v rannoto detstvo: ot razhdaneto do tri godini. Retrieved 12.03.2020 from http://www.iphs.eu/n/images/knigi_snimki/Standarts_0-3_Years_full%20text.pdf

Vasileva, N. Ts. (2015): Grafomotorni umeniya pri detsa ot preduchilishtna vazrast (nevropsihologichna otsenka). Savremenni predizvikatelstva pred pedagogicheskata nauka: Sbornik s dokladi ot konferentsiya s mezhdunarodno uchastie, provedena na 6-8 Yuni 2014, organizirana ot Fakulteta po pedagogika na Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, 587-597. Retrieved April 10, 2020 from https://plus.bg.cobiss.net/opac7/bib/1284152548; https://plus.bg.cobiss.net/opac7/bib/COBIB/1274327268

Zdravkova, S. (1991). Sistema na obuchenieto po pisane i krasnopis. Sofia: Prosveta.

Yosifova, R. (2011). Grafomotorno razvitie v preduchilishtna vazrast. Preduchilishtno vazpitanie, 59(10), 50-56. Retrieved 01.02.2020 from https://plus.bg.cobiss.net/opac7/bib/1239604964

Yosifova, R. (2012): Dvizhenie i ezik. Sofia: Logopedichen Tsentar “Romel”.

Matanova, V., & Todorova, E. (2013): [Rakovodstvo za prilagane na metodika za otsenka na obrazovatelnite potrebnosti na detsata i uchenitsite. Sofiya: Institut za psihichno zdrave i razvitie.

Nikolova, S. (2003). Usvoyavane na grafichnite umeniya ot uchenitsite v parvi klas na pomoshtno uchilishte. Spetsialna pedagogika, 2003, 2, 62-73.

Stefanov, Zh. (1954). Obuchenieto po pisane i krasnopis v nachalnoto uchilishte. Sofia: Narodna prosveta.

Todorova, D. (2007). Formirane na umeniya za pisane v parvi klas. Obrazovanie, 2007, 16(6), 85-94.

Trosheva-Asenova, A. (2005). Model za formirane na dvigatelni i grafichni umeniya za pisane pri uchenitsi s detska tserebralna paraliza. Spetsialna pedagogika, 2005, 3, 55-65.

Tsenova, Ts. (2017). Ovladyavane na umeniya za pisane pri uchenitsi ot II, III i IV klas. Annual of Sofia University, FNPP, 108, 86-109. Sofia: University press “St. Kliment Ohridski”.

Tsocheva-Gencheva, R. (2020). Ergoterapevtichni tehniki za razvitie na grafomotornite umeniya pri detsa s koordinatsionno razstroystvo na razvitieto. Dissertation for educational and scientific degree Doctor, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Library of FESA, 2020.

Hristoforova, A. (2017): Kak simvolichnata realnost v psihodramata razviva emotsionalnata i sotsialna kompetentnost na detsata. Sofiya: Balgarsko druzhestvo po psihodrama i grupova terapiya, konf.

Yancheva-Velinova, L., & Marinov, M. (2017). Nepravilni manualni umeniya za pisane pri detsa sas spetsifichno ezikovo narushenie. International Journal Knowledge, 20(4), 2085-2091.

American Psychiatric Association. (2014). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders - fifth edition. (American Psychiatric Association, Ed.), A Companion to Criminal Justice, Mental Health & Risk (5th ed.). Washington, DC; London, England: American Psychiatric Publishing.

Barnett, A. L., Henderson, S. E., Scheib, B., & Schulz, J. (2009). Development and standardization of a new handwriting speed test: The Detailed Assessment of Speed of Handwriting. British Journal o f Educational Psychology, 2(6), 137-157.

Barnett, A. L., Henderson, S. E., Scheib, B., & Schulz, J. (2011). Handwriting Difficulties and Their Assessment in Young Adults with DCD: Extension of the DASH for 17-to 25-Year-Olds. Journal o f Adult Development, 18(3), 114-121.

Benbow, M. (2009). Neurokinesthetic Approach to Hand Function and Handwriting. Fairacres, NM: Clinicion’s view.

Bergmann, K. P. (1990). Incidence of Atypical Pencil Grasps Among Nondysfunctional Adults. American Journal o f Occupational Therapy, 44(8), 736-740.

Blank, R., Barnett, A. L., Cairney, J., Green, D., Kirby, A., Polatajko, H., ... Vingon, S. (2019). International clinical practice recommendations on the definition, diagnosis, assessment, intervention, and psychosocial aspects of developmental coordination disorder. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 61(3), 242-285.

Boyle, C. M. (2007). An analysis of the efficacy of a motor skills training programme for young people with Moderate Learning Difficulties. International Journal o f Special Education, 22(1), 11-24.

Cornhill, H., & Case-Smith, J. (1996). Factors That Relate to Good and Poor Handwriting. American Journal o f Occupational Therapy, 50(9), 732-739.

Daly, C. J., Kelley, G. T., & Krauss, A. (2003). Relationship between visual-motor integration and handwriting skills of children in kindergarten: A modified replication study. American Journal o f Occupational Therapy, 57(4), 459-462.

Dehghan, L., Mirzakhani, N., Rezaee, M., & Tabatabaee, M. (2018). The Relationship Between Fine Motor Skills and Social Development and Maturation. Iranian Rehabilitation Journal, 15(4), 407-414.

Flatters, I., Mushtaq, F., Hill, L. J. B., Holt, R. J., Wilkie, R. M., & Mon-Williams, M. (2014). The relationship between a child’s postural stability and manual dexterity. Experimental Brain Research, 232, 2907-2917.

Gerth, S., Klassert, A., Dolk, T., Fliesser, M., Fischer, M. H., Nottbusch, G., & Festman, J. (2016). Is handwriting performance affected by the writing surface? Comparing preschoolers’, second graders’, and adults’ writing performance on a tablet vs. paper. Frontiers in Psychology, 7(SEP), 1-18.

Graham, S., Berninger, V., Weintraub, N., & Schafer, W. (1998). Graham Handwriting speed 1998.pdf. The Journal o f Educational Research, 92(1), 42.

Gutwinski, S., Loscher, A., Mahler, L., Kalbitzer, J., Heinz, A., & Bermpohl, F. (2011). Understanding left-handedness. Deutsches Arzteblatt International, 108(50), 849-853.

Hartingsveldt, M. J. V., Vries, L. De, Cup, E. H., Groot, I. J. De, & Sanden, M. W. N. Van Der. (2014). Development of the Writing Readiness Inventory Tool in Context (WRITIC). Physical and Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics, 34(4), 443-456.

Judkins, J., Dague, H., & Cope, S. (2009). Handwriting in the Schools: Challenges and Solutions. Early Intervention & School, 16(1), 4.

Maryczkanicz, J., & Weber-Nowakowska, K. (2018). Relations between the occurrence of hypermobility and gender in the group of children aged 6 - 10 years. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, S(1), 163-172.

McCleskey, J. (2016). First Strokes ®. Richardson, Texas: The Handwriting Clinic /First Strokes.

Missiuna, C., Gaines, R., Soucie, H., & McLean, J. (2006). Parental questions about developmental coordination disorder: A synopsis of current evidence. Paediatrics and Child Health, 11(8), 507-512.

Piek, J. P., Hands, B., & Licari, M. K. (2012). Assessment of Motor Functioning in the Preschool Period. Neuropsychology Review, 4(22), 402-413.

Prunty, M. M., Barnett, A. L., Wilmut, K., & Plumb, M. S. (2013). Handwriting speed in children with Developmental Coordination Disorder: Are they really slower? Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34(9), 2927-2936.

Rosenblum, S. (2008). Development, reliability, and validity of the handwriting proficiency screening questionnaire (HPSQ). American Journal o f Occupational Therapy, 62(3), 298-307.

Rosenblum, S., Weiss, P. L., & Parush, S. (2004). Handwriting evaluation for developmental dysgraphia: Process versus product. Reading and Writing, 17(5), 433-458.

Schwellnus, H. D. (2012). Pencil Grasp Pattern: How Critical is it to Functional Handwriting? Pencil Grasp Pattern: How Critical is it to Functional Handwriting?. Toronto: University of Toronto.

Schwellnus, H., Carnahan, H., Kushki, A., Polatajko, H. J., Missiuna, C., & Chau, T. (2013). Writing Forces Associated With Four Pencil Grasp Patterns in Grade 4 Children. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 67(2), 218-227.

Selin, A.-S. (2003). Pencil Grip - A Descriptive Model and Four Empirical Studies. Retrieved from http://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/4108/TMP.objres.23.pdf?sequence=2

Shooman, L. T., & Rosenblum, S. (2014). Drawing proficiency screening questionnaire (DPSQ): Development, reliability, and validity. American Journal o f Occupational Therapy, 68(6), e227-e233.

Tsocheva-Gencheva, R. (2019). Writing Grasps - Modified Classification. Vocational Education, 21(6), 611-619.

Van der Linde, B. W., van Netten, J. J., Otten, B., Postema, K., Geuze, R. H., & Schoemaker, M. M. (2015). Activities of Daily Living in Children With Developmental Coordination Disorder: Performance, Learning, and Participation. Physical Therapy, 95(11), 1496­-1506.

Van Hartingsveldt, M. J., Cup, E. H. C., Hendriks, J. C. M., de Vries, L., de Groot, I. J. M., & Nijhuis-van der Sanden, M. W. G. (2015). Predictive validity of kindergarten assessments on handwriting readiness. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 36.

Visser, M., Nel, M., Vries, J. de, Klopper, E., Olën, K., & Coller, J. van. (2014). In-hand manipulation of children aged four and five-years-old: translation, rotation and shift movements, in Bloemfontein. South African Journal of Occupational Therapy, 44(2), 22-28.

Wilson, P. H., Adams, I. L. J., Caeyenberghs, K., Thomas, P., Smits-Engelsman, B., & Steenbergen, B. (2016). Motor imagery training enhances motor skill in children with DCD: A replication study. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 57.

Ziviani, J., & Wallen, M. (1991). The Development of Graphomotor Skills. In A. Henderson & C. Pehoski (Eds.), Hand Function in the Child: Foundations for Remediation (2nd ed., p. 480). Massachusetts: Mosby Inc.